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20 protocols using 4 4 azobis 4 cyanopentanoic acid

1

Synthesis and Characterization of Diblock Copolymer Nanoparticles

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All reagents were used as received unless otherwise stated. GEO5MA monomer was synthesized by Dr C. P. Jesson at GEO Specialty Chemicals (Hythe, UK) as previously described. 59 2-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA, 97%) was kindly donated by GEO Specialty Chemicals (Hythe, UK). 4,4'-Azobis(4cyanopentanoic acid) (ACVA; >98%), glycine (≥98%), histidine (≥98%), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA, 98%), sodium periodate (NaIO 4 , ≥99.8%), sodium cyanoborohydride (NaCNBH 3 , 95%), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and deuterium oxide (D 2 O) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, UK. 2-Cyano-2propyl dithiobenzoate (CPDB, >97%) was purchased from Strem Chemicals Ltd (Cambridge, UK).
Ethanol, dichloromethane and diethyl ether were purchased from Fisher Scientific (UK). Aqueous electrophoresis. Zeta potentials for diblock copolymer nanoparticles were analyzed using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS instrument equipped with a 4 mW He-Ne laser (λ = 633 nm) operating at a fixed scattering angle of 173°. Samples were diluted to 0.1% w/w using 1 mM KCl, with either dilute NaOH or HCl being used for pH adjustment as required. Zeta potentials were calculated from the Henry equation using the Smoluchowski approximation.
Centrifugation. Centrifugation of BSA functionalized vesicles was conducted using a Thermo Heraeus Biofuge Pico centrifuge.
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2

Synthesis of Bioconjugates for Drug Delivery

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Methacryloyl chloride, 4,4´-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid), 2,2´-azobis(isobutyro-nitrile) (AIBN), N-ethylmaleimide trifluoroacetate, 6-aminohexanoic acid, methyl 6-aminohexanoate hydrochloride, N,N´-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, tert-butyl carbazate, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-1-sulfonic acid (TNBSA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox.HCl) was purchased from Meiji Seika (Japan). All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade. Solvents were dried and purified by conventional procedures and distilled before use.
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3

Synthesis of Functional Polymers via RAFT

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Methyl methacrylate (MMA;
99%), 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA; 99%), benzyl methacrylate
(BzMA; 98%), 4,4’-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid (ACVA; 98%),
and 2-cyano-2-propyl benzodithioate (CPDB; 97%) were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich (UK). Glycerol monomethacrylate (GMA; 99.8%) was kindly
donated by GEO Specialty Chemicals (Hythe, UK). Deionized water obtained
from an Elga Medica DV25 water purification unit was used for all
experiments.
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4

Peptide-Doxorubicin Conjugate Synthesis

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Modified peptide sequences: N- terminal (5-azidopentanoic acid)- YCAYYSPRHKTTF and N- terminal (5-azidopentanoic acid)-SPWPRPTY were synthesised at the Australian Biobest Biotechnology Service. Doxorubicin hydrochloride, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), methacryloyl chloride, tert-butyl carbazate, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl), and 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) were bought from Sigma Aldrich and used directly without any purification. Cyanine-5.5 amine was purchased from Lumiprobe. Azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN; Sigma Aldrich) was recrystallized twice from methanol before use. Solvents including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane (DCM), dimethylformamide (DMF), diethyl ether, pyridine, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile and methanol were used dry where applicable and of reagent grade quality. Poly(ethylene glycol methacrylate) (PEGMA, MW = 475 g·mol-1) and, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) were purified to remove radical inhibitors before use by passing through a basic alumina column. Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ.cm at 25 °C) was obtained from an Elga ultra-pure water system.
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5

Synthesis and Characterization of Glycerol Monomethacrylate Copolymers

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All reagents were used as received unless
otherwise stated. Benzyl methacrylate (BzMA), n-dodecane,
2-cyano-2-propyl benzodithioate (CPDB), and 4,4′-azobis-4-cyanopentanoic
acid (ACVA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (UK). BzMA inhibitor
was removed by passing this monomer through an inhibitor removal column.
Ethanol, dichloromethane, DMSO, and DMF were purchased from Fisher
Scientific (UK). Glycerol monomethacrylate (GMA) was kindly
donated by GEO Specialty Chemicals (Hythe) and used without further
purification. 2-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) was purchased from
Alfa Aesar (UK) and contained 0.07 mol % dimethacrylate impurity,
as judged by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Deuterated
mEthanol (d4-CD3OD), dimethyl
sulfoxide (d6-DMSO), and dimethylformamide
(d7-DMF) NMR solvents were purchased from
Goss Scientific (UK). Deionized water was obtained using an Elga Elgastat
Option 3A water purifier; its pH was approximately 6.2, and its surface
tension was 72.0 mN m–1 at 20 °C.
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6

Synthesis of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers

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Dimethyl
acrylamide (DAAm , 99%), 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic
acid) (ACVA, 99%), hydrochloric acid (<37%), deuterated methanol
(CD3OD, 99.9%), and deuterium oxide (D2O, 99.9%)
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Diacetone acrylamide (DAAm, 99%)
was purchased from Alfa Aesar. 2-(Butylthiocarbonothioylthio) propanoic
acid (PABTC, 95%) was purchased from Boron Molecular. 2,2-Azobis[2-(2-imidiazolin-2-yl)
propane (VA-044, 97%) was purchased from WAKO Chemical. All Reagents
were used as received.
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7

Graphite Oxide Synthesis Protocol

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Graphite
powder, acrylamide (AA, 99%), ATAC monomers, 4-4′-azo-bis-4-cyanopentanoic
acid (ACPA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 36%),
potassium permanganate (KMnO4, 99%), 1,3-propane sultone,
sodium nitrite, ascorbic acid, and all salt components were ordered
from Sigma-Aldrich, and sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 95%) and nitric acid (HNO3, 69%) were obtained from
VWR chemicals. No further purification was performed on the chemicals
before use.
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8

Controlled Radical Polymerization Protocols

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Materials. Acrylic acid (99%, Sigma-Aldrich, AA), poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether acrylate (Mn = 480 g.mol -1 , Sigma-Aldrich, APEG), 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) (Sigma-Aldrich, ACPA), 1,4-dioxane (anhydrous, 99.8%, Sigma-Aldrich), 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid (> 97%, Strem, TTCA), tetrahydrofuran (≥ 99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich), N,N-dimethylformamide (≥ 99.8%, Sigma-Aldrich, DMF), n-pentane (98%, Sigma-Aldrich), formaldehyde (36.5-38%, Sigma-Aldrich), DRAQ5 (BioStatus), PKH26 Red Fluorescent Cell Linker Kit for General Cell Membrane Labeling (Sigma-Aldrich), propidium iodide (Thermo Fisher Scientific) were used as received.
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9

Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Materials

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Glycerol
monomethacrylate (GMA; 99.8% purity)
was kindly donated by GEO Specialty Chemicals (Hythe, UK) and used
without further purification. 2-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA)
was purchased from Alfa Aesar and used as received. 2,2′-Azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane]
dihydrochloride (VA-044) was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries
(Japan) and used as received. Glycidyl methacrylate (GlyMA), 2-cyano-2-propyl
benzodithioate (CPDB), 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) (ACVA;
V-501; 99%), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), d4-sodium trimethylsilyl propanoate (TMSP), sodium dodecyl
sulfate (SDS), deuterated methanol-d4,
ethanol (99%, anhydrous grade), methanol and dichloromethane were
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich UK and were used as received. All solvents
were of HPLC-grade quality.
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10

Synthesis and Characterization of Glycerol Monomethacrylate Copolymers

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Glycerol monomethacrylate (GMA; 99.8%) was donated by GEO Specialty Chemicals (Hythe, UK) and was used without further purification. 2-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (UK) and was used as received. 4,4′-Azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) (ACVA; V-501; 99%), 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), 2-cyano-2-propyl dithiobenzoate (CPDB), 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (CPBA; ≥90%), ethanol (99%, anhydrous grade), methanol, and dichloromethane were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (UK) and were used as received. Deuterated methanol (CD3OD) was purchased from Goss Scientific (Nantwich, UK). Buffer solutions were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Chelmsford, USA). All solvents were HPLC-grade and were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK).
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