Pvp k90

Woven carbon fabric HexForce^® 48,193 plain 12 K, manufactured by Hexcel (Stamford, CT, USA), was used in this work. The separator used was of filter paper (FP) or woven glass fiber (WGF). The glass fiber separator (E-Fiberglass Woven Roving) was supplied by Castro Composites^® (Pontevedra, Spain). Glass Filter paper Whatman, Lignin alkaline (low sulfonate content), resorcinol, formaldehyde (37 wt% in H₂O), copper acetate dihydrate, copper chloride, (L)-ascorbic acid (L-AA), PVP K90, K₂CO₃, KOH, H₃PO₄ (≥85 wt% in H₂O), and Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA, Mw 89,000–98,000, 99+% hydrolyzed) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Liquid sizing agent (SICIZYL) was purchased from Nanocyl S.A. (Sambreville, Belgium). The CuO seed on carbon cloth was done following the procedure previously reported in the literature [27 (link)]. The carbon aerogel modification was prepared following the procedure reported [28 (link)].

PVP K90 (white powder, Mn = 130,000) and poly (3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid) (PHBV, natural origin, PHV content = 8 mol%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Trading Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP, C₃H₂F₆O, 99%), ethanol, curcumin, Tween 80, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All the above chemical reagents were not further purified before preparing the spinning solution.

Flutamide (molecular weight, M_w = 276.2 g/mol, purity greater than 99%) and commercially available poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), PVP K90 (PVPcomm., M_w = 340 kg/mol, average molecular weight, M_n~109 kg/mol), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. Two linear PVPs with different M_n (=90 kg/mol and 190 kg/mol) as well as hydroxyl-terminated PVP (PVP-OH) with M_n = 190 kg/mol were synthesized for the purpose of this paper (for details concerning the synthesis procedure, see the Supplementary Materials and References [33 (link),81 (link)].

O395-NT was tracked in solutions of the linear polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (average molecular weight of about 360,000 kDa; PVP K90; Sigma 81440) with concentrations of ranging from 0.9 to 6.7% (wt/wt) in TMN, or of human MUC5B mucin purified from human saliva (69 (link)) (a kind gift of K. Ribbeck) at 1.2% (wt/wt) in M9MM. A volume of 3.3 mg lyophilized mucin was dissolved in 275 μl M9MM by shaking at 250 rpm at 4°C for 5 h. Two hours before the experiment, the solution was slowly pipetted to further homogenize it and shaken at room temperature at 300 rpm. Macroscopic viscosity measurements for PVP K90 solutions with concentrations in the 0% to 7.2% range were obtained using two falling-ball viscometers (2- to 20-cP range and 10- to 100-cP range; Gilmont) at room temperature (21°C) after calibration using viscosity standards of 11.6 and 48.0 cP (general purpose standards D10 and N26, respectively; Paragon Scientific). The relationship between PVP concentration and viscosity was extracted as a second-order polynomial fit with a forced intercept of 0.98 cP at 0% PVP (Fig. S5).

Mefenamic acid (95% purity), ethyl cellulose, diethyl phthalate, PVP K30 average M_w 40,000, and PVP K90 average M_w 360,000 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). The ethyl acetate and ethanol were of chemical grade.

Celecoxib (CXB), Eudragit S100, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate LG (HPMCAS-LG) were supplied by Jansen Pharmaceutica (Beerse, Belgium). Capryol 90, Maisine CC, Peceol, Plurol oleique CC 497, and Labrasol were a gift from Gattefossé (Saint-Priest Cedex, France). Captex 200 P, Captex 355 EP/NF, and Capmul PG-8 NF were a gift from ABITEC Corporation (Columbus, OH, USA). Croscarmellose sodium (AcDiSol) was obtained from FMC BioPolymer (Philadelphia, PA, USA). Tween 20, isopropyl myristate, Cremophor RH40, PEG 400, tetraglycol, Patent Blue V, Povidone (PVP) K15, PVP K60, and PVP K90 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Gelatine Licaps^® size 0 capsules were gifted by Capsugel (Bornem, Belgium). Macrogolum 6000 (PEG 6000), PVP K30, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) 5 and 4000 cps, talc, and gelatine were obtained from BUFA (IJsselstein, The Netherlands). Tween 80, 37% fuming hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were obtained from MERCK (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetone and ethanol 70% were purchased from BOOM B.V. (Meppel, The Netherlands) and methanol from VWR Chemicals (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France). Millipore type 1 water was used in all experiments except for the dissolution media where demineralized water was used.