D-glucose (Glc), type III pig gastric mucin (PGM), maltose, maltotriose and soluble potato starch (SS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, United States). Purified pig gastric mucin (pPGM) was prepared as previously described (Gunning et al., 2013 (link)). Maltotetraose was obtained from Carbosynth (Berks, United Kingdom). A retrograded type-III RS derived from high amylose maize was kindly provided by Ingredion (Manchester, United Kingdom).
Soluble potato starch
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Soluble potato starch is a lab equipment product used as a thickening and stabilizing agent. It is derived from potatoes and is soluble in water, allowing it to be easily incorporated into various solutions and mixtures.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
P nitrophenyl α d glucopyranoside, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Porcine pancreatic α amylase, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Maltotriose, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Maltose, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Maltotetraose, by Biosynth (1 mentions)
D glucose, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
L cysteine hydrochloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 n morpholino ethanesulfonic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Anhydrous sodium acetate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Anhydrous sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
4 2 hydroxyethyl 1 piperazineethanesulfonic acid hepes, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Yeast α glucosidase, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium acetate trihydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ferric chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Trichloroacetic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium bicarbonate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide pellet, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Butylated hydroxyl toluene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
12 protocols using soluble potato starch
1
Carbohydrate Characterization Protocol
2
Protein Extraction with Cysteine and MES
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l -Cysteine hydrochloride, 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) and soluble potato starch (SPS) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, Missouri, USA).
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3
Quantifying α-Amylase Activity via DNS Assay
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α-Amylase activity was measured by the determination of reducing sugars released during starch hydrolysis, by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method [13 ]. The reaction mixture, containing 0.5 mL of appropriately diluted enzyme and 0.5 mL of 1.0% (w/v) soluble potato starch (Sigma) in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0), was incubated at 60°C for 10 min. After that, 3 mL of DNS reagent was added to the reaction volume, boiled for 10 min, and mixed with 20 mL distilled water. To determine the activity, the absorbance was measured at 550 nm and one unit (U) of α-amylase activity was defined as the amount of enzyme that released 1 μmol of reducing end groups per minute under the assay conditions.
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α-Amylase activity was measured by the determination of reducing sugars released during starch hydrolysis, by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method [13 ]. The reaction mixture, containing 0.5 mL of appropriately diluted enzyme and 0.5 mL of 1.0% (w/v) soluble potato starch (Sigma) in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0), was incubated at 60°C for 10 min. After that, 3 mL of DNS reagent was added to the reaction volume, boiled for 10 min, and mixed with 20 mL distilled water. To determine the activity, the absorbance was measured at 550 nm and one unit (U) of α-amylase activity was defined as the amount of enzyme that released 1 μmol of reducing end groups per minute under the assay conditions.
4
Cyclodextrin-based Antibiotic Delivery
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Research grade native β-cyclodextrin (β-CD, 98%, sum of other cyclodextrin-related impurities ≤0.5%, Cyclolab, Budapest, Hungary), soluble potato starch (St, residue after ignition 0.3%, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) and dextrin from potato starch (Dx, Fluka, Saint Louis, MO, USA), divinyl sulfone (DVS, 99.5%, TCI, Zwijndrecht, Belgium), ciprofloxacin [1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid] (CIP, 98%, TCI, Zwijndrecht, Belgium) and ofloxacin [(RS)-9-Fluoro-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-7H-pyrido [1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazine-6-carboxylic acid] (OFL, 98%, BDLpharm, Kaiserslautern, Germany) were used as received. Anhydrous sodium carbonate (99.5%), anhydrous sodium acetate (99%), and 4-(2hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES, 99.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA).
5
Enzymatic Starch Hydrolysis Assay
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Porcine pancreatic α-amylase (EC 232-565-6), yeast α-glucosidase, soluble potato starch, and p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany).
6
Native PAGE Zymogram Analysis of Hydrolytic Enzymes
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Hydrolytic activities (BEs, ISAs, and BAMs) were analyzed by native PAGE and zymograms as described (Wattebled et al. 2005 (link)). One hundred micrograms of leaf-soluble proteins were separated with a polyacrylamide gel (7.5% v/v) containing 0.3% (w/v) soluble potato starch (Sigma). After migration under native conditions, gels were incubated overnight in the following buffer: 50 mM trisodium citrate, pH 6.0, 50 mM Na2HPO4, and 5 mM DTT. Enzyme activities were visualized by iodine staining.
7
Evaluation of Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Potential
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Porcine pancreatic α-amylase, alpha-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 3,5-dinitro salicylic acid (DNSA color reagent), Soluble potato starch, p-nitrophenyl- α -D-glucopyranoside (p-NPG), Streptozotocin 500mg (STZ), sodium phosphate monobasic anhydrous, sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous, 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), thiobarbituric reactive substance (TBARS), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), ferric chloride, sodium hydroxide pellets, hydrochloric acid, sodium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, sodium acetate trihydrate, obtained from Bristol Scientific Company (Sigma-Aldrich), Lagos, Nigeria. Acarbose (Glucobay) obtained from Gabbyto pharmacy, Yola, Nigeria. All other chemical reagents used in this study were of annular grade.
8
Antioxidant and Glucosidase Inhibitory Assays
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Butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), gallic acid, β-carotene, linoleic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·), ρ-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside(PNPG), 3,5-dinitro salicylic acid, soluble potato starch and 1-deoxyrojirimycine, α-Glucosidase (from Saccharomyces cerevisiae), HPLC grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was obtained from E. Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). Standards including oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, vitexin, rutin, hyperoside, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercitrin, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin and kaempferol were obtained from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). 1β, 2β, 3β, 19α-tetrahydroxy-12-en-28-oic acid, tormentic acid, maslinatic acid, corosolic acid and tiliroside are isolated and identified by ourselves in lab. All other reagents were analytical grade procured from indigenous manufacturers.
9
Carbohydrate Utilization by E. rectale
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The E. rectale strains were pre-grown overnight on M2GSC medium and inoculated into basal YCFA medium [79 (link)] containing individual carbohydrate substrates added at 0.2% w/v concentration. The carbohydrate sources tested were glucose (Sigma-Aldrich), Raffinose (Sigma-Aldrich), arabinan—sugar beet (Megazyme), soluble potato starch (Sigma-Aldrich), d -arabinose (Sigma-Aldrich), l -arabinose (Sigma-Aldrich), beta-glucan (Megazyme), inulin—chicory (Sigma-Aldrich), xylan—oat spelt (Sigma Aldrich), inulin—dahlia (Sigma-Aldrich), and sucrose (Fisher Scientific). As negative controls, cells were grown in basal YCFA with no added carbon sources. In total, 100 μL of each culture was then inoculated from its M2GSC growth medium into single carbohydrate or basal YCFA medium in triplicate under anaerobic conditions using oxygen-free CO2 and incubated at 37 °C. Optical density measurements were taken spectrophotometrically after 48 h at a wavelength of 650 nm (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, UK).
10
Characterizing T. emersonii α-Amylase and Glucoamylase
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Volumetric assays were conducted using reducing sugar assays with dinitrosalicilic acid (DNS) (Miller, 1959) . Briefly, all strains were inoculated at an absorbance value of 0.1 (600 nm) in 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 25 mL YPD broth. Volumetric enzyme activity was determined using 0.1% soluble potato starch (Sigma-Aldrich) dissolved in 0.05 M citrate buffer (pH 5) as substrate. Assays were conducted at 50°C for 10 min and absorbance readings were taken at 540 nm using a TECAN Spark 20M microplate spectrophotometer (TECAN, Salzburg, Austria). All activities are reported as units per millilitre (U/ml), where one unit is defined as the amount of enzyme required to release 1 µmol of glucose per minute. Protein concentrations were determined in parallel to volumetric assays using Bradford reagent (Sigma-Aldrich) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
The thermal stability of the T. emersonii crude α-amylase and glucoamylase enzymes was determined using supernatant from yeast cultures (grown in YPD broth at 30°C for 72 h) incubated at 30 and 37°C for 168 h. Samples of the supernatant were taken at specific intervals and the residual enzymatic activity was determined.
The thermal stability of the T. emersonii crude α-amylase and glucoamylase enzymes was determined using supernatant from yeast cultures (grown in YPD broth at 30°C for 72 h) incubated at 30 and 37°C for 168 h. Samples of the supernatant were taken at specific intervals and the residual enzymatic activity was determined.
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