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Galanthamine

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Galanthamine is a laboratory reagent used in biochemical research. It is a naturally-occurring alkaloid compound that acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which can be employed in various experimental studies.

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Lab products found in correlation

Acetylthiocholine iodide, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Gallic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions) 5 5 dithiobis 2 nitrobenzoic acid dtnb, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Catechin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Linoleic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (2 mentions) Ethanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Methanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Dichloromethane, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Quercetin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Trolox, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Tris hcl, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Acetylcholinesterase, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Butyrylthiocholine chloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Trichloroacetic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Potassium ferricyanide, by Merck Group (2 mentions) 5 5 dithiobis 2 nitrobenzoic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) 1 1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl, by Merck Group (1 mentions) 5 5 dithio bis nitrobenzoic acid dtnb, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

Spelling variants of this product

Galanthamine hydrobromide (15 citations) Galanthamine hydrobromide Lycoris Sp. (3 citations) Galanthamine hydrobromide from Lycoris sp. (2 citations)

15 protocols using galanthamine

1

Cholinesterase Inhibitory Assay for Juniperus sabina

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A modified Ellman’s method was used to assess the AChE and BChE enzyme inhibitory activities of J. sabina extracts (Ellman et al., 1961 (link)). The extracts were dissolved as gradient dilutions using 2% DMSO water for activity determination. The extract gradient dilutions (1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.25 µg/mL) 20 μL were incubated with AChE (0.28 U/mL, 20 μL) and BChE (0.28 U/mL, 20 μL) in phosphate buffer (PBS, pH 7.8, 140 µL) for 15 min in 25°C. Afterwards, acetylthiocholine iodide and butyrylthiocholine chloride were added as the substrates (10 µL) for AChE and BChE, respectively. Simultaneously, the coloring reagent 5,5-dithio-bis (2-nitrobenzoic) acid (DTNB, 10 µL) was added and incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes. The absorbance values of the sample wells were measured at 412 nm. PBS buffer was used as a blank, and galanthamine was used as the reference drug. Analyses were performed in triplicate. The cholinesterase inhibitory was calculated according to the following equation:
Cholinesterase inhibitory (%) = (Blank group -Experimental group)/Blank group *100%
AChE (electric eel), BChE (horse serum), and galanthamine were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA).
Xu S., Chen Q., Luo N., Yang J, & Li D. (2023). Effects of age and tissue of Juniperus sabina L. on its phytochemical characteristics, anti-cholinesterase, antidiabetes, and anti-drug resistant bacteria activities. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1174922.
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2

Isolation and Bioactivity Evaluation

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The chemicals used for the extraction process were methanol (99.9% purity, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), n hexane (99% purity, Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), distilled water, ethanol (95% purity, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), acetone (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), dichloromethane (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), and carbon dioxide (99.9% purity, Alpha Gas Solution, Selangor, Malaysia). For the bioassay tests, the chemicals and reagents used were gallic acid (99% purity, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (≥85% purity, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (≥98% purity, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), methanol and ethanol (99.9% purity, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCI), AChE, bovine serum albumin (BSA), 5,5-Dithio(bis)nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) and galanthamine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany). The AChE used in the assay was from electric eel (type-VI-S, EC 3.1.1.7, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), BChE was from horse (EC 3.1.1.8) and butyrylthiocholin chloride was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). The HIV-1 protease inhibitor screening kit (fluorometric) was purchased from Biovision Incorporated (Milpitas, CA, USA). All chemicals and reagents used in the study were of analytical grade.
Ahmad R., Rosandy A.R., Sahidin I., Ab Ghani N.S., Noor N.M, & Baharum S.N. (2022). Bioassay Analysis and Molecular Docking Study Revealed the Potential Medicinal Activities of Active Compounds Polygonumins B, C and D from Polygonum minus (Persicaria minor). Plants, 12(1), 59.
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3

Enzymatic and Antioxidant Assays of Natural Compounds

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Analytical grade organic solvents (such as ethanol, methanol, etc.) were purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co., Ltd., Korea. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Electric eel (CAS 9000-81-1), acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCI), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) equine serum lyophilized (CAS 9001-08-5), butyrylcholine iodide (BTCI), dithiobis nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), galanthamine, 2,2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), trolox, daidzein, genistein, glycitein, (+)-catechin, rutin, quercetin, gallic acid, soyasaponin I, Folin–Ciocalteau’s reagent, cyanidine 3-o-glucoside chloride, Tris-HCl, lipoxygenase, aspirin, perchloric acid, linoleic acid, casein and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were obtained from Sigma.
Shabbir U., Tyagi A., Ham H.J., Elahi F, & Oh D.H. (2022). Effect of Fermentation on the Bioactive Compounds of the Black Soybean and Their Anti-Alzheimer’s Activity. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 880361.
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4

Solanaceae Alkaloids Inhibition Assay

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Acetonitrile (ACN; LC-MS grade) and HCOOH (99%) were from Carlo Erba (Milan, Italy). Ultrapure H2O was produced using a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Pure solamargine (97.5%) and solasonine (98.3%) were purchased from Glycomix (Reading, UK).
Acetylthiocholine iodide, 5,5′-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DNTB), Tris-HCl, bovine serum albumin (BSA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), butyrylthiocholine chloride, galanthamine (99.0% purity), sodium carbonate, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), beta-carotene, linoleic acid, Trolox® and Tween 20 were purchased by Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy).
Lelario F., De Maria S., Rivelli A.R., Russo D., Milella L., Bufo S.A, & Scrano L. (2019). A Complete Survey of Glycoalkaloids Using LC-FTICR-MS and IRMPD in a Commercial Variety and a Local Landrace of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and their Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Activities. Toxins, 11(4), 230.
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5

Cholinesterase Inhibition by Essential Oils

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C7-C40 saturated alkane standard, acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCI), 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), AChE, galanthamine, sodium phosphate dibasic (Na2HPO4), potassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4), sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). α-Pinene, camphene, β-pinene, limonene, 1-8-cineole, linalool, borneol, terpinen-4-ol, citronellol, bornyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, aromadendrene, α-humulene and guaiol were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Dichloromethane was GC-grade and was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade.
Cornara L., Ambu G., Trombetta D., Denaro M., Alloisio S., Frigerio J., Labra M., Ghimire G., Valussi M, & Smeriglio A. (2020). Comparative and Functional Screening of Three Species Traditionally used as Antidepressants: Valeriana officinalis L., Valeriana jatamansi Jones ex Roxb. and Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC.. Plants, 9(8), 994.
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6

LCMS Analysis of Alkaloid Compounds

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The following extraction procedures were applied to aliquots of samples (80 mg): 1 mL of ethanol was added to the aliquot. The Eppendorf was vortexed and incubated for 60 min at 45 °C in a sonicator bath. A Shimadzu ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph (Nexera XR LC 40) was paired with an MS/MS detector for qualitative analysis (LCMS 8060, Shimadzu Italy, Milan, Italy). The MS/MS used electrospray ionization and was controlled by Lab Solution software, which allowed for rapid change from a low-energy scan at 4 V (full scan MS) to a high-energy scan (10–60 V ramping) during a single LC run. The following source parameters were set: 2.9 L/min nebulizing gas flow, 10 L/min heating gas flow, 300 °C interface temperature, 250 °C DL temperature, 400 °C heat block temperature, and 10 L/min drying gas flow. The analysis was carried out by flow injection (i.e., no chromatographic separation), with acetonitrile: water + 0.01 percent formic acid (5:95, v/v) as the mobile phase. Instrument was set to positive mode for an SIM experiment [48 (link),49 (link)]. Samples were considered “positive” if the area under the curve was higher in magnitude than the blank. Pure standards used are listed in Table S1. Ergovaline, galanthamine, nor-galanthamine, anhydrolycorine, trisphaeridine, crinine, demethylmaritidine, N-formylgalanthamine and peramine were purchased from Sigma Aldrich.
Kandsi F., Lafdil F.Z., Elbouzidi A., Bouknana S., Miry A., Addi M., Conte R., Hano C, & Gseyra N. (2022). Evaluation of Acute and Subacute Toxicity and LC-MS/MS Compositional Alkaloid Determination of the Hydroethanolic Extract of Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin and Clemants Flowers. Toxins, 14(7), 475.
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7

Inhibitory Effects of Flavonoids on Enzymes

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Hesperetin (>95% purity), naringenin (>95% purity), hesperidin (>97% purity), resveratrol (>99% purity), galanthamine, AChE, BChE, 5,5′-dithiobis-(2 nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), and acetylthiocholine iodide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The BACE1 kit from Invitrogen (Pan Vera, Madison, WI, USA) was used for the measurement of BACE1 activity. α-Secretase (tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme, TACE) and its fluorogenic substrate were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Elastase, chymotrypsin, trypsin, and their substrates were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.
Lee S., Youn K., Lim G., Lee J, & Jun M. (2018). In Silico Docking and In Vitro Approaches towards BACE1 and Cholinesterases Inhibitory Effect of Citrus Flavanones. Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry, 23(7), 1509.
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8

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity

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All analytical grades of dissolvent, reagents and pure phenolic compounds such as Methanol, Folin–Ciocalteu Reagent, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), Aluminium Trichloride (AlCl3), Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), Gallic Acid (C7H6O5), Catechin (C15H14O6), Quercetin (C15H10O7), Vanillin (C8H8O3), Sodium Phosphate Monobasic (NaH2PO4), Sodium Dibasic Phosphate (Na2HPO4), Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4), Potassium persulfate (K2S2O8), Iron chloride (II) (FeCl2), Iron Trichloride (FeCl3), Ammonium acetate, Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl- hydrazyl (DPPH), β-carotene, Linoleic Acid, Tween 40, Trichlo-roacetic acid (TCA), Potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe[CN]6), Ammonium molybdate (NH4) 2MoO4, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) type VI-S from electric eel < 1000 U/mg solid, Acetylcholine iodide (ACI), 5,50-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), Carragenean, Indometacin, Omepazole, Galanthamine, Butylated hydroxytoluene BHT (C15H24O), Butylate hydroxyanisole BHA (C11H16O2) and Ascorbic Acid (C6H8O6) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Fluka.
Saidi A., Hambaba L., Bensaad M.S., Melakhessou M.A., Bensouici C., Ferhat N., Kahoul M.A., Helal M., Sami R., Alharthy S.A., Baty R.S., Alsubhi N.H., Alrefaei G.I., Elhakem A., Alharthi S., Elsaid F.G, & Shati A.A. (2022). Phenolic Characterization Using cLC-DAD Analysis and Evaluation of In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacological Activities of Ruta tuberculata Forssk. Antioxidants, 11(7), 1351.
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9

Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibition Assays

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Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and Folin–Ciocalteau reagent were acquired from VWR (Leuven, Belgium). Methanol, ethanol, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), galanthamine, AChE (Electric-eel, EC 3.1.1.7, Type VIS), acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCI), BChE (EC 3.1.1.8), butyrylthiocholine iodide (BTCI) and 5,5’-dithiobis-[2-nitrobenzoic acid] (Ellman’s reagent or DTNB) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Fluorescein (FL), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) and 2,2-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) were acquired from Acros Organics (Geel, Germany).
Formic acid, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade acetonitrile, acetic acid and sodium acetate were obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, epicatechin and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain) and quercetin 3-O-glucoside and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside from Extrasynthese (Genay, France).
Jara-Palacios M.J., Gonçalves S., Heredia F.J., Hernanz D, & Romano A. (2020). Extraction of Antioxidants from Winemaking Byproducts: Effect of the Solvent on Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-Cholinesterase Activities, and Electrochemical Behaviour. Antioxidants, 9(8), 675.
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10

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Assays

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All phenolic standards, methanol, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, ferrozine, potassium ferricyanide, trichloroacetic acid, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine, dimethyl sulfoxide, tris-HCL, tris base, glacial acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, acarbose, p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside, 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), galanthamine, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and carrageenan were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The iNOS antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Co, and an ECL kit was purchased from Amersham Co (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Buckinghamshire, UK).All chemicals and solvents used for the experiment and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were of analytical grade.
Im K.H., Nguyen T.K., Choi J, & Lee T.S. (2016). In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Diabetes, Anti-Dementia, and Inflammation Inhibitory Effect of Trametes pubescens Fruiting Body Extracts. Molecules, 21(5), 639.
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