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15 protocols using 7 aminoactinomycin d

1

Apoptosis Quantification in Cell Lines

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S1T, MT-2, and Jurkat cells (2 × 105 cells) were treated with various concentrations of STF-62247. Apoptotic cells were detected by staining with annexin V-FITC (MBL), 7-amino-actinomycin D (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA), and a MEBSTAIN® Apoptosis TUNEL Kit Direct (MBL) and measuring fluorescence intensity with a Cell Analyzer EC800, as previously described [33 (link)]. Percentages of specific apoptotic cells were calculated as follows: % specific apoptotic cells = (annexin V-positive cells − spontaneous annexin V-positive cells) / (100 − spontaneous annexin V-positive cells) × 100.
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2

Apoptosis Induction in Cancer Cells

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Induction of apoptosis was detected by measuring the number of cells in the sub-G1 fraction on cell cycle analysis and by annexin V assay. Cells (1.5 × 105) were plated in six-well culture plates 1 day before being cultured for 48 h in media containing 20 μM nelfinavir and/or 50 μM ritonavir. They were then washed with phosphate-buffered saline and harvested by trypsinization. For the cell cycle analysis, the harvested cells were resuspended in citrate buffer, stained with propidium iodide, and analyzed by flow cytometry. For the annexin V assay, the harvested cells were stained with annexin V and 7-amino-actinomycin D according to the manufacturer’s instruction (Beckman Coulter, Marseille, France) and then analyzed by flow cytometry. Data were analyzed using CellQuest Pro Software (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA).
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3

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Stem Cell Markers

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Flow cytometry analysis was performed on a Guava easyCyte 6HT 2L flow cytometer (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany). Briefly, cells were harvested by trypsin at 37°C for 5 minutes, centrifuged at 400*g and resuspended in 1X PBS supplemented with 1% FCS. 4000 cells were incubated with 10 μL anti-SSEA4-PE (BD Biosciences, Pharmingen™, San Diego, USA), 5 μL IgG1-PE (Beckman Coulter Inc., France), 5 μL anti-CD56-PE (Beckman Coulter Inc., France) and 10 μL anti-CD90-PE (Beckman Coulter, Inc., France) for 15 minutes in a 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube at 4°C in dark. Cell were washed with 1 mL PBS, centrifuged at 400*g and resuspended in 200 μL of 1X PBS in a 96- well round bottom plate. After washing and resuspension, each reaction received 5 μL of viability dye 7-aminoactinomycin D (Beckman Coulter Inc., France) and plate was incubated for 10 minutes at 4°C. Cell events were acquired with Guava InCyte™ v.2.3 software. Histograms and dot-plots were generated with a minimum of 3000 events with a sample flow rate of 1.8 μL/mL. Positive staining was obtained by comparison with isotype control set as 99% negative.
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4

Cell Viability and Yield Quantification

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Cells were enumerated at the end of harvesting processes and after final product concentration of 2D and 3D cultures by flow cytometry using Flow-Count Fluorospheres (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA) or Perfect-Count Microspheres (Cytognos, Salamanca, Spain) with a Navios EX device (Beckman Coulter). The percentage of cell viability was determined by 7-aminoactinomycin D (Beckman Coulter) staining, which binds specifically to DNA when the cell membrane is damaged by necrotic processes. Cells were incubated with 15 mL of 7-aminoactinomycin D for 5 min at RT in the dark and then washed with 3 mL of Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS, Lonza) by centrifugation at 340g, 5 min, RT, before cytometric acquisition. Acquired data were analyzed with Navios EX software (version 2.0; Beckman Coulter). Fold increase was calculated as the ratio of total harvested cell yield to initial cell number inoculated.
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5

Apoptosis Analysis of PBMC Cells

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PBMC cell lines were treated with varying concentrations of reagents for various periods of time. Apoptotic cells were analyzed by staining with annexin V‐FITC (MBL) and 7‐amino‐actinomycin D (Beckman Coulter) by flow cytometry analysis using a Cell Analyzer EC800 (Sony, Tokyo, Japan) 30. To assay DNA fragmentation, we employed a MEBSTAIN® Apoptosis TUNEL Kit Direct (MBL). Percentages of specific annexin V‐ or TUNEL‐positive cells were calculated as follows: % specific apoptotic cells = (annexin V‐ or TUNEL‐positive cells − spontaneous annexin V‐ or TUNEL‐positive cells)/(100 − spontaneous annexin V‐ or TUNEL‐positive cells) × 100.
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6

Evaluating NK-92 Cell Degranulation in Fungal Infections

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Degranulation of NK-92 cells was evaluated as previously described with some modifications [28 (link)]. In brief, a total of 5 × 105 NK-92 cells were incubated in 500 µL RPMI medium 1640 (1×) + GlutaMAX-I medium (Gibco) in the presence or absence of A. fumigatus or R. arrhizus hyphae. After adding 5 µL anti-CD107a-PE-Cy7 and 0.3 µL BD GolgiStop (both BD Biosciences) and incubating at 37 °C for 4 h, we assessed degranulation by flow cytometry (FACSCantoII, Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA) using the following antibodies: anti-CD3-APC-Cy7, anti-CD45-FITC, and anti-CD56-APC (all BD Biosciences), and 7-amino-actinomycin-D (Beckman Coulter, Krefeld, Germany).
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7

Cytotoxicity Assay with CFSE-Labeled K562 Cells

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K562 cells were labeled with 5-(and 6)-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE; CFSE Cell Division Tracker Kit, BioLegend) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. NK cells were then added to CFSE-labelled K562 cells in a ratio of 5:1 and incubated for 4 h at 37°C under 5% CO2. After this time, cells were stained with fixable LIVE/DEAD dye (LIVE/DEAD™ Fixable Violet Dead Cell Stain Kit, for 405 nm excitation, Invitrogen) or 7-Amino-Actinomycin D (7-AAD; Beckman Coulter), according to the manufacturer’s protocol and then fixed with 3.7% PFA in PBS and washed in 1×PBS, or non-fixed when 7-AAD was used, and analyzed on Navios flow cytometer.
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8

Annexin V and CD45 Antibody Staining

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FITC-conjugated Annexin V and PE-Cyanine7-conjugated anti-CD45 antibody were obtained from BioLegend (San Diego, CA, USA). 7-Amino-actinomycin D (7AAD) was purchased from Beckman Coulter (Brea, CA, USA). Anti-ARG1 (HPA024006) and anti-α-tubulin (DM1A) antibodies were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Anti-N-cadherin (sc-7939) antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Anti-E-cadherin (AF748) antibody was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). An ARG1 antagonist (nor-NOHA) was purchased from Enzo Biochem (New York, NY, USA).
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9

Apoptosis Analysis by Flow Cytometry and TUNEL

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Apoptotic cells were stained with annexin V-FITC (MBL) and 7-amino-actinomycin D (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA), and analyzed by flow cytometry using a Cell Analyzer EC800 (Sony, Tokyo, Japan) as described previously [27 (link), 28 (link)]. The percentages of specific apoptotic cells were calculated as follows: % specific apoptotic cells = (annexin V-positive cells − spontaneous annexin V-positive cells)/(100 − spontaneous annexin V-positive cells) × 100.
DNA fragmentation was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays using a MEBSTAIN Apoptosis Kit Direct (MBL) [8 (link)].
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10

Single-cell Cloning and Expansion

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Cultured cells were dissociated with 0.05% trypsin‐EDTA (Wako, Osaka, Japan) solution and then resuspended in 2% FBS‐PBS. Dead cells were eliminated using 7‐amino‐actinomycin D (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA) staining. Single‐cell culture analysis was then performed as previously described 14, 24, 25. Individual isolated cells were sorted into 96‐well culture plates using a FACSAria device (BD Biosciences), and the wells were visualized by light microscopy 10–16 h after sorting to confirm that each well contained only one cell. After isolation of each clone, the cells were expanded and subjected to flow cytometry analysis.
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