An infrared thermal imager with an accuracy of 2 °C, spatial resolution of 1.38 mrad, and frame rate of 60 Hz (FLIR T420, FLIR Systems, Wilsonville, OR, USA) was used for infrared thermography measurements. Heat sources (TSA(C)013d000bR29.7; Taiwan KLC PTC Co. Ltd., Taichung, Taiwan) were attached to the tested structure for capturing vibration responses. The outer diameter, reference temperature rise, power density, power, resistance, and current of the heat source were 13 mm, 30 °C, 0.23 W/cm2, 0.3 W, 29.7 Ω, and 0.1 A, respectively.
Flir t420
Manufactured by Teledyne
Sourced in United States
The FLIR T420 is a portable thermal imaging camera designed for industrial and commercial applications. It captures thermal images that display temperature variations, allowing for the detection of heat sources and potential issues. The FLIR T420 features a high-resolution infrared sensor, a large color LCD display, and various measurement and analysis tools.
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Lab products found in correlation
It 24p, by Physitemp (2 mentions)
Omega tac80b t, by Omega Engineering (2 mentions)
Xenogen ivis lumina imaging system, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Researchir, by Teledyne (1 mentions)
Coda tail cuff blood pressure system, by Kent Scientific (1 mentions)
Flir thermacam s65 hs, by Teledyne (1 mentions)
13 protocols using flir t420
1
Infrared Thermal Imaging for Vibration Analysis
2
Photothermal Imaging and Anticancer Activity of DCBM Nanoparticles
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C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously inoculated with rat-derived Lewis lung cancer cells (1 × 106). When the tumor volume reached approximately 50 mm3, the mice were used for an assay of photothermal imaging activity. The mice were injected with 100 μL of PBS and DCBM (5 μg/mL of cypate) through intratumor injection. The tumor sites were exposed to NIR laser (808 nm, 1 W/cm2, 300 s) as indicated 2 h post-injection. Temperature alterations in the tumor sites were recorded using an IR camera (FLIR T420). The tumor volume was calculated by the formula (mm3) length × width2/2. The animal experimental procedure was approved by the Animal Care Committee of Jilin University (License No.: 20160518) on 18 May 2016 and conformed to the Animal Ethical Standards and Use Committee at Jilin University.
For in vivo anticancer activity of DCBM, the C57BL/6 with lewis lung cell (LLC) tumor-bearing mice were evaluated. We randomly divided the mice into four groups (n = 3 per group), including DCBM plus NIR laser, DCBM only, CBM only, and PBS as the control group. We intravenously injected 100 μL of nanoparticles (DOX dose = 5 mg/kg, cypate dose ≈ 5 mg/kg) or PBS at 4, 6, and 8 days. The NIR + DCBM groups were irradiated with an 808 nm laser (1 W/cm2, 3 min) at 5 h post-injection. Tumor growth was monitored over 14 days.
For in vivo anticancer activity of DCBM, the C57BL/6 with lewis lung cell (LLC) tumor-bearing mice were evaluated. We randomly divided the mice into four groups (n = 3 per group), including DCBM plus NIR laser, DCBM only, CBM only, and PBS as the control group. We intravenously injected 100 μL of nanoparticles (DOX dose = 5 mg/kg, cypate dose ≈ 5 mg/kg) or PBS at 4, 6, and 8 days. The NIR + DCBM groups were irradiated with an 808 nm laser (1 W/cm2, 3 min) at 5 h post-injection. Tumor growth was monitored over 14 days.
3
Thermographic Evaluation of Animal Anatomy
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Thermographic evaluations were carried out at 30, 60, and 90 d. Thermographic images were obtained with the support of the portable device, FLIR T420® (FLIR Systems, Inc., Wilsonville, OR, USA). The distance from the thermograph to the photographed anatomical area was standardized at 1 m, and the device settings were adjusted to 20 °C reflectance temperature and 0.98 emissivity [11 (link)]. The archives were processed and interpreted by software FLIR Tools 5.6® (FLIR Systems, Wilsonville, OR, USA) displayed on the iron palette. Measuring tools took the form of rectangles with different dimensions used in various anatomical areas: 40 mm × 30 mm for cheek, 150 mm × 120 mm for right rib, 10 mm × 10 mm for muzzle, 80 mm × 120 mm for left flank, 10 mm × 20 mm for front, 15 mm × 25 mm front limb, and 15 mm × 25 mm for hind limb. The evaluation was carried out using the maximum temperature of each area.
4
Photothermal and Photodynamic Characterization of SP3NPs
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SP3NPs (100 μg ml-1) in PBS were irradiated for 10 min using a BWF2 continuous-wave NIR laser (808 nm, 0.8 W cm-2; B&W Tek Inc., Newark, DE). Changes in absorbance spectra and morphology of SP3NPs during irradiation were monitored using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and TEM, respectively. The appearance of SP3NPs during NIR irradiation was recorded using a digital camera.
Fluorescence images of free cypate and SP3NPs in PBS at the same concentrations were recorded with a Xenogen IVIS Lumina imaging system (Perkin Elmer Inc., Waltham, MA) with a built-in ICG filter set using an exposure time of 5 s. The fluorescence intensity in each region of interest (ROI) was semi-quantitated by Xenogen Living Image®, and plotted against the concentration of free cypate and SP3NPs. Photodynamic effects were tested by irradiating free cypate and SP3NPs (25 μg ml-1) in the presence and absence of sodium azide (100 μM) for 5 min (808 nm, 0.8 W cm-2), and the generated singlet oxygen was detected with SOSG following the manufacturer's instructions. PBS served as a negative control. Photothermal effects were assessed by irradiation of different concentrations of SP3NPs with an 808-nm NIR laser (0.8 W cm-2, 5 min). Temperatures were quantified using an IR thermal imaging system (FLIR T420; FLIR Systems Inc., Danderyd, Sweden). The photothermal heating curve of PBS was measured as a negative control.
Fluorescence images of free cypate and SP3NPs in PBS at the same concentrations were recorded with a Xenogen IVIS Lumina imaging system (Perkin Elmer Inc., Waltham, MA) with a built-in ICG filter set using an exposure time of 5 s. The fluorescence intensity in each region of interest (ROI) was semi-quantitated by Xenogen Living Image®, and plotted against the concentration of free cypate and SP3NPs. Photodynamic effects were tested by irradiating free cypate and SP3NPs (25 μg ml-1) in the presence and absence of sodium azide (100 μM) for 5 min (808 nm, 0.8 W cm-2), and the generated singlet oxygen was detected with SOSG following the manufacturer's instructions. PBS served as a negative control. Photothermal effects were assessed by irradiation of different concentrations of SP3NPs with an 808-nm NIR laser (0.8 W cm-2, 5 min). Temperatures were quantified using an IR thermal imaging system (FLIR T420; FLIR Systems Inc., Danderyd, Sweden). The photothermal heating curve of PBS was measured as a negative control.
5
Thermal Imaging of Chemogenetic Manipulations
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Temperature measurements started 4 hours into the dark phase. Prior to baseline temperature measurements, food, water, and tissues were removed from the home cage. To measure temperature, mice were placed in a smaller cage, and a movie was made using a thermal camera (Flir T420; FLIR Systems, Inc.) and the accompanying software program ResearchIR (version 4.40.6.24, 64 bit; FLIR Systems). Fifteen and thirty minutes after removal, baseline temperature was recorded. Mice were then injected with either saline or CNO, and temperature was recorded 30, 60, and 90 minutes after injections. In between movies, mice were placed back in their home cage. ResearchIR was used to determine eye temperature by directing a 3 × 3‐sized pixel toward the region of the eyes with the least standard deviation with mice standing on their hind legs and looking upward. Temperature is displayed as a change in temperature from baseline (temperature − average of baseline temperatures).
6
Measuring Blood Pressure and BAT Activity in Mice
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Systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures were measured in conscious mice using the tail-cuff plethysmography method (CODA® tail-cuff blood pressure system; Kent Scientific Corporation; Torrington, CT, USA). 12-week-old mice were trained for tail-cuff measurements over a period of 4 days. Blood pressure measurements were performed at the same time (between 9 a.m. and 12 a.m.) to avoid the influence of the circadian cycle. Blood pressure values were taken from at least ten consecutive measurements [45 (link)].
Heat production was visualized using a high-resolution infrared camera (FLIR T420; FLIR Systems, AB, Sweden). Infrared thermography images were taken from the upper half of the body to specifically analyze BAT activity. On the day before the experiment, mice were fasted ON and shaved in the interscapular area to minimize interference. Interscapular BAT temperature was analyzed within a fixed area (region of interest; ROI) using the Flir Tools software (version 4.1). For each image, the average temperature of the skin area was calculated as the average of 3 images/animal.
Heat production was visualized using a high-resolution infrared camera (FLIR T420; FLIR Systems, AB, Sweden). Infrared thermography images were taken from the upper half of the body to specifically analyze BAT activity. On the day before the experiment, mice were fasted ON and shaved in the interscapular area to minimize interference. Interscapular BAT temperature was analyzed within a fixed area (region of interest; ROI) using the Flir Tools software (version 4.1). For each image, the average temperature of the skin area was calculated as the average of 3 images/animal.
7
Infrared Thermography of Adipocyte Heat Production
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WT and Mstn−/− SVF cells were seeded at the density of 10 000 cells per cm2 in the center wells of 96-well-plates. Wells surrounding the plated SVF wells contained 200 μl phosphate-buffered saline each. Mature adipocytes were derived from SVF cells after white adipogenic differentiation, as described above. Heat production from WT and Mstn−/− adipocytes was measured by infrared thermography. Infrared thermography was performed as previously described,27 (link) with modifications. In brief, the 96-well-plates containing the cells were kept on a heating block maintained at 35 °C within an insulating box. Images were captured using an infrared camera (FLIR T420, Wilsonville, OR, USA) and then analyzed using the FLIR Tools software (FLIR). Data were collected from triplicate plates, five wells per genotype per plate.
8
Thermal Calibration of Microfluidic Disc
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Example 2
Calibration of the heating system was performed by first fabricating a disc with a T-type micro-thermocouple (IT-24P, Physitemp Instruments Inc., Clifton, N.J.), which had a 125 μm diameter, embedded in one of the assay areas. This thermocouple was connected to a custom hub with a built-in slip ring, allowing the thermocouple to rotate with the disc while heating while the output wiring remained stationary for voltage measurement. The slip ring output was connected to a linearizing circuit (Omega® TAC80B-T, Omega Engineering, Inc., Stamford, Conn.) that provided a 1 mV/° C. signal, which was collected using data acquisition hardware and LabVIEW. In parallel with the thermocouple measurement, an infrared camera (FLIR T420, FLIR Systems, Inc., Boston, Mass.) was positioned above the disc to measure the top surface temperature of the disc.
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9
Acute and Chronic Cold Challenge Protocols
10
Calibration of Heating System for Disc-based Assays
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Example 2
Calibration of the heating system was performed by first fabricating a disc with a T-type micro-thermocouple (IT-24P, Physitemp Instruments Inc., Clifton, N.J.), which had a 125 μm diameter, embedded in one of the assay areas. This thermocouple was connected to a custom hub with a built-in slip ring, allowing the thermocouple to rotate with the disc while heating while the output wiring remained stationary for voltage measurement. The slip ring output was connected to a linearizing circuit (Omega® TAC80B-T, Omega Engineering, Inc., Stamford, Conn.) that provided a 1 mV/° C. signal, which was collected using data acquisition hardware and LabVIEW. In parallel with the thermocouple measurement, an infrared camera (FLIR T420, FLIR Systems, Inc., Boston, Mass.) was positioned above the disc to measure the top surface temperature of the disc.
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