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Arabinogalactan

Manufactured by Merck Group
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Sourced in United States

Arabinogalactan is a natural polysaccharide derived from the larch tree. It is used as a laboratory reagent, primarily as a component in culture media for the growth and maintenance of cells, tissues, and microorganisms. Arabinogalactan acts as a nutrient source and support structure for these biological systems.

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Lab products found in correlation

Pectin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Starch, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Glucose, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Xylan, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Trolox, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Bile salt, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Ox bile, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Yeast extract, by Merck Group (1 mentions) L cysteine, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Pancreatin, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Xylan, by Megazyme (1 mentions) Lactose, by Merck Group (1 mentions) 2 4 6 tri 2 pyridyl 1 3 5 triazine tptz, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Acetate buffer, by Merck Group (1 mentions) 2 2 azinobis 3, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Pbs buffer, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Folin ciocalteu, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Trypsin, by Merck Group (1 mentions) α amylase, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Methanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

7 protocols using arabinogalactan

1

Simulating Gastrointestinal Conditions in SHIME

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The feed medium used in SHIME® was prepared with distilled water, supplemented with 3 g/L starch (Maizena®, Unilever Brazil, SP, Brazil), 2 g/L pectin (Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), 4 g/L gastric mucin type II swine (Sigma-Aldrich), 1 g/L xylan (Megazyme, Bray, Ireland), 1 g/L peptone (Kasvi, São José do Pinhais, PR, Brazil), 1 g/L arabinogalactan (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.4 g/L glucose (Synth, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), 3 g/L yeast extract (Kasvi), and 0.5 g/L L-cysteine (Sigma-Aldrich) [26 (link)].
Stomach conditions were simulated in reactor 1 (R1) and the pH value was adjusted by adding HCl, along with the carbohydrate-based medium. In order to reach the duodenum conditions, in the second reactor (R2), an artificial pancreatic juice was added, composed of 12.5 g/L sodium bicarbonate (LS Chemicals, Maharashtra, India), 6 g/L ox-bile (Sigma-Aldrich), and 0.9 g/L pancreatin (Sigma-Aldrich) [26 (link)]. This carbohydrate-based medium plays an important role in the environmental adaptation and inoculum growth with the formation of a stable and representative community [24 (link)].
Borgonovi T.F., Salgaço M.K., de Oliveira G.L., de Carvalho L.A., Pinheiro D.G., Todorov S.D., Sivieri K., Casarotti S.N, & Penna A.L. (2022). Functional Fermented Milk with Fruit Pulp Modulates the In Vitro Intestinal Microbiota. Foods, 11(24), 4113.
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2

Aspergillus nidulans Cultivation Protocols

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The A. nidulans THS30 (pyrG89; AfupyrG+; pyroA4; pyroA+) reference strain [27 (link)] was used in this study. It was maintained on Barratt’s minimal agar plates at 37 °C [28 (link)] and only freshly collected conidia from 6 d cultures were used for inoculation in all experiments. For submerged cultivation, 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 mL Barratt’s minimal broth were inoculated with 50 × 106 conidia/flask and were incubated at 37 °C and 3.7 Hz (approx. 220 rpm) shaking frequency for 16 h. The exponentially growing phase mycelia were collected by filtration, washed, and then transferred into 100 mL fresh Barratt’s minimal broth. These media contained 20 g L−1 glucose, 20 g L−1 lactose, or 20 g L−1 arabinogalactan (from larch wood, Sigma-Aldrich Ltd., Budapest, Hungary) as carbon/energy source, or did not contain any carbon source at all. All cultures were further incubated at 37 °C and 3.7 Hz shaking frequency.
Gila B.C., Antal K., Birkó Z., Keserű J.S., Pócsi I, & Emri T. (2022). Strategies Shaping the Transcription of Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme Genes in Aspergillus nidulans. Journal of Fungi, 8(1), 79.
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3

Comprehensive Phenolic Standards Characterization

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P-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, procatechuic acid, gallic acid, sinapic acid, catechin, daidzein, daidzin, quercetin, hyperoside, genistein, genistin, rutin, naringenin, glycitein, glycitin, biochanin A, and vitexin as phenolic standards were bought from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Na2CO3, FeCl3∙6H2O, CaCl2, NaCl, KCl, KH2PO4, and K2HPO4, NaHCO3, MgSO4H2O, L-cysteine, K2S2O8, FeSO4, HCl, and NaOH were obtained from Xilong (Guangzhou, China). Acetate buffer, PBS buffer, Tween resazurin solution, arabinogalactan, xylan, α-amylase, trypsin, bile salt, Trolox, Folin–Ciocalteu, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS), and 1,3,5-tri(2-pyridyl)-2,4,6-triazine (TPTZ) were bought from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC-grade solvents, including methanol and formic acid, were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The water used in this work was ultrapure water produced by a Milli-Q system.
Zhu L., Li W., Deng Z., Li H, & Zhang B. (2020). The Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Bound Phenolics in Three Legumes, and Their Metabolism and Bioaccessibility of Gastrointestinal Tract. Foods, 9(12), 1816.
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4

Carotenoid Standards Preparation and Characterization

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Carotenoid standards lutein and zeaxanthin were provided by Kemin Health (Des Moines, IA, USA) and DSM Nutritional Products, Ltd. (Kaiseraugst, Switzerland), respectively. The β-carotene standard was purchased from Sigma Chemicals (Saint Louis, MO, USA). All carotenoid standards were crystalline with > 98% purity confirmed by HPLC. Arabinogalactan (AG) and β-glycyrrhizic acid (GA) were purchased from Sigma Chemicals. Captisol® was obtained from Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA). Sucrose monolaurate (SML) was provided by Mitsubishi Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan). Lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene ActiLease® beadlets were supplied by DSM Nutritional Products, Ltd. (Kaiseraugst, Switzerland). All organic solvents used were of HPLC grade and were purchased from Thermo Fisher (Waltham, MA, USA).
Li B., Vachali P.P., Shen Z., Gorusupudi A., Nelson K., Besch B.M., Bartschi A., Longo S., Mattinson T., Shihab S., Polyakov N.E., Suntsova L.P., Dushkin A.V, & Bernstein P.S. (2017). Retinal Accumulation of Zeaxanthin, Lutein, and β-Carotene in Mice Deficient in Carotenoid Cleavage Enzymes. Experimental eye research, 159, 123-131.
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5

Fecal Slurry Model for Gut Microbiome Dynamics

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Cell-free culture supernatants from the proximal and distal colon, both in resting conditions (basal) and after immune challenges (LPS and IL-15), were subsequently used to explore their effect on a stable fecal population via the fecal slurry model. For this purpose, we used a basal media composed of 2 g/l peptone water [Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD), Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA] 2 g/l yeast extract (BD), 0.1 g/l NaCl, 0.04 g/l K2HPO4, 0.04 g/l KH2PO4, 0.01 g/l MgSO4, 0.01 g/l CaCl2.⋅2H2O, 2 g/l NaHCO3, 2.5 g/l l-Cysteine-HCl, 0.5 g/l bile salts, 2 ml/l Tween-80, 1 g/l arabinogalactan, 2 g/l pectin, 1 g/l xylan, 4 g/l starch, 0.4 g/l glucose, and 0.4 g/l mucin type III (all purchased to Sigma-Aldrich). The mixture was homogenized and autoclaved for 15 min at 121°C, and the following components were added to the cooled media after sterilization by filtration (0.20 μm): 0.05 g/l bovine hemin (Sigma-Aldrich) and 10 μg/l vitamin K (Sigma-Aldrich). Before use, the basal media was maintained overnight at 37°C in anaerobiosis (10% v/v H2, 10%CO2, and 80% N2) in an anaerobic chamber Mac 500 (Don Whitley Scientific, West Yorkshire, UK).
Hevia A., Bernardo D., Montalvillo E., Al-Hassi H.O., Fernández-Salazar L., Garrote J.A., Milani C., Ventura M., Arranz E., Knight S.C., Margolles A, & Sánchez B. (2015). Human Colon-Derived Soluble Factors Modulate Gut Microbiota Composition. Frontiers in Oncology, 5, 86.
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6

Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Lingonberry Press Cake

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Samples of V. vitis-idaea press cake obtained after the juice pressing (moisture content of 88%) were purchased from Yagody Yakutii, Ltd. (Yakutsk, Russia). The plant material was dried in the ventilated heat oven at 40 °C within 7–10 days and stored at 3–4 °C before extraction. The reference standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA): polysaccharides-pectin from citrus peel (galacturonic acid ≥ 74.0%; No. P9135), arabinogalactan from larch wood (No. 10830), starch from potato (No. 03967), and microcrystalline cellulose (No. Y0002021); hydroxycinnamates—ferulic acid (≥99%; No. 128708) and sinapic acid (≥98%; No. D7927); bioactivity standards—Trolox (≥97%; No. 238313), cholestyramine (No. 1133004), and simvastatin (≥97%; No. S6196).
Olennikov D.N., Chemposov V.V, & Chirikova N.K. (2022). Polymeric Compounds of Lingonberry Waste: Characterization of Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Polysaccharides and Polyphenol-Polysaccharide Conjugates from Vaccinium vitis-idaea Press Cake. Foods, 11(18), 2801.
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7

Lutein Extraction and Quantification

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A commercial preparation of lutein consisting of 20% (wt/wt) lutein dissolved in corn oil was a gift from Hoffman La Roche (Pleasanton, CA). Mazola corn oil was purchased from a local supermarket. A lutein standard for chromatography analysis was purchased from Extrasynthèse SA (Genay, France). Arabinogalactan, L-tryptophan, ethanol, thimerosal, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, and monobasic potassium phosphate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). Deionized water, prepared by passing distilled water over a mixed bed of cation-anion exchanger, was used throughout this study.
Mora-Gutierrez A., Attaie R., Núñez de González M.T., Jung Y., Woldesenbet S, & Marquez S.A. (2018). Complexes of lutein with bovine and caprine caseins and their impact on lutein chemical stability in emulsion systems: Effect of arabinogalactan. Journal of dairy science, 101(1).
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