Af479

Manufactured by R&D Systems

AF479 is a recombinant human Activin A protein. Activin A is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins and regulates a variety of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis.

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Lab products found in correlation

Protein a g plus agarose bead, by Santa Cruz Biotechnology (1 mentions) Mab453, by R&D Systems (1 mentions) Mab006, by R&D Systems (1 mentions) Ab 108, by R&D Systems (1 mentions) Ab6672, by Abcam (1 mentions) Af529, by R&D Systems (1 mentions)

4 protocols using af479

Quantifying Aortic Atherosclerosis in Mice

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After 12 weeks, mice were killed after cervical dislocation. After perfusion of phosphate buffer saline, the heart and the whole aorta were exposed and separated. To measure the atherosclerotic lesion area in aortic sinus, the lower ventricular portion of heart was removed at the site of 0.5 cm below the line connecting the left and right auricles. The remaining part of heart and proximal aorta was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 hours at room temperature and embedded in paraffin. Serial 10-μm-thick sections from the ascending aortic segment to the aortic sinus were collected. Slides were stained with hematoxylin-eosin or Movat (Sevicebio, Wuhan). For immunohistochemistry, slides were incubated with CD68 (Abcam, ab125212) and MCP-1 (R&D, AF479) overnight and subsequent goat anti-mouse secondary antibody. Images were captured using the high-resolution camera. A person blind to treatment group measured aortic atherosclerosis lesion. Lesion size was analyzed with Images J software (NIH, USA) by averaging 3 sections of each aorta (n=6).

Liu Y., Wu M., Xu B, & Kang L. (2021). Empagliflozin Alleviates Atherosclerosis Progression by Inhibiting Inflammation and Sympathetic Activity in a Normoglycemic Mouse Model. Journal of Inflammation Research, 14, 2277-2287.

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Depletion of CXCL1 or CCL2 from Conditioned Medium

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Conditioned medium was depleted of CXCL1 or CCL2 using antibodies previously loaded onto protein A/G Plus-Agarose beads (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas TX) at a ratio of 10 μL beads to 1μg antibody. Beads were washed before and after antibody loading. Antibodies were purified anti-CXCL1 (R and D systems MAB453, Minneapolis MN) used at 2 μg/mL conditioned medium, anti-CCL2 (R and D systems AF-479) at 5 μg/mL, Rat IgG2a isotype control (R and D systems MAB006) at 2 μg/mL, or goat IgG (R and D systems AB-108) at 5 μg/mL. Incubation with conditioned medium was on a rocking platform overnight at 4°C, after which the beads were pelleted and the depleted conditioned medium was collected and used for downstream applications.

Dill R, & Walker A.M. (2016). Role of Prolactin in Promotion of Immune Cell Migration into the Mammary Gland. Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia, 22(1), 13-26.

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Chemoattractant-Induced Monocyte Migration

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Media from fibroblasts treated with 0% FBS DMEM (control), 0% FBS DMEM + IL-1α (500 pg/mL), 0% FBS DMEM + TGF-β1 (3 ng/mL), or fibroblasts pretreated with inhibitors before treatment with 0% FBS DMEM + IL-1α were placed directly into the bottom of a 24-well plate. Recombinant CCL2 (100 pg/mL) in 0% FBS DMEM was used as a positive control, and 0% FBS DMEM was used as a negative control. THP-1 cells (50,000 in 100 μL 0% FBS DMEM) were added to a 6.5-mm, 5-μm pore transwell insert (Costar Corning, Corning, NY), and the insert was added to the 24-well plate. After 18 hours, migrated cells were imaged using a Nikon D5000 camera and quantified using ImageJ software version 1.41 (NIH, Bethesda, MD; http://imagej.nih.gov/ij). In some experiments, medium from fibroblasts treated with 0% FBS DMEM + IL-1α (500 pg/mL) was pretreated with neutralizing antibodies against CCL2 (4 μg/mL; AF-479; R&D Systems) and IL-6 (200 μg/mL; Ab6672; Abcam) for 1 hour before adding to the 24-well plate.

Paish H.L., Kalson N.S., Smith G.R., del Carpio Pons A., Baldock T.E., Smith N., Swist-Szulik K., Weir D.J., Bardgett M., Deehan D.J., Mann D.A, & Borthwick L.A. (2018). Fibroblasts Promote Inflammation and Pain via IL-1α Induction of the Monocyte Chemoattractant Chemokine (C-C Motif) Ligand 2. The American Journal of Pathology, 188(3), 696-714.

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Prolactin-Modulated Treg Migration Assay

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4T1 cells were incubated in serum-free RPMI 1640 medium (5 × 10⁶ in 7 ml) with or without 100 ng/mL prolactin for 1 h and the conditioned medium collected as the chemoattractant for a Transwell™ assay. Ten million splenocytes, isolated from Foxp3⁺EGFP Balb/c mice were placed in the upper chamber (5 μm pore size, Corning 3421) and 1 mL conditioned medium from 4T1 cells with or without prolactin treatment was added to the lower chamber in the presence or absence of 1 μg/mL mouse anti-CCL17 or anti-CCL22 antibody (R & D systems, AF529, AF479, respectively). Cells that migrated into the lower chamber in 1 h were collected and analyzed by flow cytometry. Treg numbers were deduced from the percentage of CD4⁺ cells that were EGFP⁺.

Chen K.H., Ghosh M., Rivera L., Lin S., Kumar A., Swaminathan S., Lorenson M.Y, & Walker A.M. (2021). Prolactin enhances T regulatory cell promotion of breast cancer through the long form prolactin receptor. Translational Oncology, 14(11), 101195.

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