Ha ubiquitin vinyl sulfone ha ub vs

NiPT, PtPT, PdPT, T-AuPT, Au(PPh₃)PT, CuPT, and AgDT were synthesized in our laboratory and stored as a 10 mM stock solution in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at −20°C. Auranofin was purchased from Enzo Life Sciences International, Inc. (Plymouth Meeting, PA) and dissolved in DMSO as a 10 mM, stored at −20°C. Bortezomib (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA) HA–ubiquitin–vinyl sulfone (HA-Ub-VS), and Ub-AMC (BostonBiochem, Cambridge, MA, USA). Antibodies were purchased from following sources: anti-AMPK, anti- phospho-AMPK, anti-mTOR, anti-phospho-mTOR, anti-P70S6K, anti-phospho-P70S6K, anti-S6, anti-phospho-S6, anti-ATF4, anti-CHOP, anti-phospho-eIF2a, anti-LC3, anti-USP14 (D8Q6S), and anti-PARP (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA); anti-ubiquitin (P4D1) and anti-SQSTM1/P62(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA); anti-GAPDH and anti-HA-tag (Bioworld Technology, Nanjing, China); and anti-UCHL5 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK). Anti-phospho-USP14 and anti-phospho-UCHL5 were prepared by the Abgent, Inc. Bafilomycin, 3-MA, and E64D were purchased from Enzo Life Sciences (MA, USA). Lipofectamine 2000 (11668–027), goat anti-rabbit Alexa 488 (997773), and opti-MEM medium (22600050) were purchased from the Invitrogen^TM.