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14 protocols using formaldehyde

1

Preparation and Analysis of Red Sour Soup

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Ingredients for preparing sour soup, including tomatoes, chillies, garlic, ginger, salt, and glutinous rice, were purchased from Shiban Logistics Park, Huaxi District, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province. Lentilactobacillus buchneri (L. buchneri: CCTCC M 2023228) and Kazachstania bulderi (K. bulderi: CCTCC M 2023227) are the strains in red sour soup screened by our group. De Man–Rogosa–Sharpe (MRS), modified Chalmers agar (MC) and yeast extract peptone dextrose medium (YPD agar medium (YPD) and YPED broth medium (YPED)) were purchased from Shanghai Bo Microbiology Technology Co. (Shanghai, China). Lycopene standard, tartaric acid, citric acid, and lactic acid were purchased from Beijing Solaibao Technology Co. (Beijing, China). Formaldehyde and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Xilong Science Co. (Shenzhen, China). Phenolphthalein, zinc acetate, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, naphthalene ethylenediamine hydrochloride, and sodium borate were purchased from Shanghai Yien Chemical Technology Co. (Shanghai, China). Sodium chloride, anhydrous ethanol, potassium ferricyanide, etc., were purchased from Tianjin Fuyu Fine Chemical Co. (Tianjin, China).
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2

Facile Synthesis of Multifunctional Nanoparticles

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Zirconium chloride (ZrCl4) was purchased from Innochem Co., Ltd. 2‐aminoterephthalic acid (NH2‐BDC) and 11‐mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) were brought from Aladdin. Dimethyl formamide (DMF) and acetic acid were obtained from Beijing Chemical Works. Chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6·6H2O), chloroauric acid (HAuCl4), N‐(3‐(dimethylamino)‐propyl)‐3‐ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), indocyanine green (ICG), N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), HSA, and Gd(NO3)3·6H2O were all obtained from J&K Scientific Co., Ltd. Potassium carbonate was obtained from VETEC (Sigma‐Aldrich). Formaldehyde was brought from Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd. 1,3‐Diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) and Ti(SO4)2 were obtained from Energy Chemical (Shanghai). PVP (Mw = 58 000), PVP (Mw = 40 000), 4′, 6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindoles (DAPI), MTS cell proliferation colorimetric assay kit, calcein‐AM/PI double stained kit, annexin V‐FITC/PI apoptosis detection kit and DCFH‐DA were all obtained from Solarbio. Penicillin/streptomycin and Lyso‐Tracker‐Green DND‐26 were bought from Invitrogen (USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and RPMI Media 1640 were purchased from Gibco Co., Ltd. HIF‐1α (Alexa Fluor 488 Conjugate) and phalloidin (Rhodamine Conjujugate) were bought from Abcam.
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3

Evaluation of Fixative Conditions for RSV-Infected Cells

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Cells were infected with RSV strain A2 at a MOI = 3. Twenty-four hours post-infection cells were digested with 0.005% Trypsin-EDTA (Gibco), resuspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) buffer and split into sterile EP tubes. Then cells were treated with different fixative conditions. Formaldehyde (Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), methanol (Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd.), beta-propiolactone (SERVA, Heidelberg, Germany), paraFormaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and glutaraldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich) were all diluted with PBS according to concentration gradients to generate different fixative conditions. After incubation, the fixatives were removed via centrifugation (200× g, 3 min, 25 °C), and then the cells were washed with PBS one time.
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4

Switchable Deoiling Agent Synthesis

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Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works. Organic amine was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., China. Formaldehyde, formic acid, and tetrachloromethane were purchased from Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd., China. All the reagents mentioned above were of analytical reagent grade and used without further purification. Switchable deoiling agent for waste oil-based drilling fluid was synthesized. Waste oil-based drilling fluid was supplied by Daqing Oilfield in China.
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5

Synthesis of Phosphorus-Nitrogen Compounds

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Monoammonium phosphate (MAP), melamine, and sodium carbonate were provided by Tianjin Guangfu Fine Chemical Research Institute. Formaldehyde (37%) was purchased from Xilong Chemical Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China. Absolute ethanol and acetic acid (36 wt%) were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works. Raw materials were of analytical grade and were used without further purification.
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6

Measuring Cell Proliferation with EdU Labeling

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Cell-LightTM EdU DNA Cell Proliferation Kit (RiboBio) was applied to
examine the effect of miR-140-3p on the proliferation rate of cells as
previously reported (Bei et al.,2016). Briefly, after transfection with miR-140-3p mimic, miR-140-3p
inhibitor, or corresponding non-targeting controls for 36 hours, RAW264.7 cells
were exposed to 50 μM EdU (RiboBio) for 2 hours and fixed with 4% formaldehyde
(Xilong Scientific, Guangzhou, China) in PBS for 30 minutes. Cells were labeled
with Hoechst 33342 staining in blue color while proliferative cells were labeled
with EdU staining in red color. Images were taken under a DMR fluorescence
microscope (Leica Microsystems, Bensheim, Germany) and the relative
proliferation rate of RAW264.7 cells was calculated by dividing the number of
proliferative RAW264.7 cells to the number of total cells in randomly selected
fields.
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7

Formaldehyde-based Polymer Synthesis

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Formaldehyde (37 wt% aqueous solution, Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd., China), Resorcinol and Tween 20 (Tianjin Fuchen Chemical Reagent Factory, China), Anhydrous sodium carbonate and KOH (Tianjin Guangfu Fine Chemical Research Institute, China), Toluene, methanol, and ethanol (Beijing Chemical Works, China). All reagents were used as received.
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8

Synthesis of Bio-Based Composite Materials

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Formaldehyde (37 wt% water solution), polyvinyl alcohol-124, sodium hydroxide, ammonium chloride, acetic acid, and sodium carbonate were purchased from the Xilong Science Company (Shantou, China). Urea was provided by Guangdong Guanghua Technology Co., Ltd. (Guangdong, China). Sodium sulfite, boric acid, iodine, and potassium iodide were purchased from the Tianjin Combo Chemical Reagent Company (Tianjin, China). Bio-based sulfonate raw material was the product of agricultural straw waste. The high molecular weight and degree of sulfonation of the native pulp cellulose sulfate and transverse lignin salt was synthesized using an SO3/DCE (1,2-dichloroethane) sulfonation system. The main components were a mixture of cellulose, hemicellulose sulfate monoester, lignin sulfonate, and humic acid sulfonate. They were provided by Beijing Ziguang Yingli Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The specific ingredients are shown in Table 1. A 4500A multifunctional pulverizer processed the paper powder with a speed of 32000 rpm and a pulverization degree of 250–350 mesh.
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9

Biomass Pyrolysis and Bio-oil Characterization

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Bio-oil, an acid liquid (pH 3.5), was obtained by the fast pyrolysis of Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen in a fluidized bed at 550°C for 2–3 s by the Lab of Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass and Productive Utilization (Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China). And the organic components of bio-oil were displayed in Table 1 by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. Phenol, formaldehyde (aqueous solution, 37 wt.%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), guaiacol, catechol butanone, cyclopentane dione, vanillin, furfural, D-glucose, acetic acid, phenylacetic acid were supplied by Xilong Chemical Industry, Guangdong, China. Poplar veneers (8% moisture content, 400 mm × 400 mm × 1.5 mm) were provided by Xinda wooden Co., Ltd., Hebei, China.
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10

Furfuryl Acetate and 2-(Ethoxymethyl)furan Synthesis

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Furfuryl acetate (99%) and 2-(ethoxymethyl)furan (98%) were purchased from Rhawn Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Paraformaldehyde (98%), Na2HPO4·H2O (98%) and NaH2PO4 (98%) were purchased from Maclin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Pt on carbon (Pt 5 wt%), n-hexane (98%), n-hexadecane (99.5%, GC), chloroform-d (99.8%), formic acid (99%), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (98%) and MgSO4 (AR) were ordered from Aladdin® Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Phosphotungstic acid anhydrate (99%) was purchased from Titan Scientific Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Anhydrous acetic acid (99.5%), formaldehyde (37 wt%), chloroform, concentrated sulfuric acid (98 wt%) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (36 wt%) were all obtained from XiLong Scientific Co., Ltd. (Shantou, China). All reagents were used as received without further purification.
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