Molisch reagent

Standard chromogenic reagents lead acetate, potassium dichromate, ferric chloride, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, Mayer's reagent, Dragendorff's reagent, Wagner's reagent, Hager's reagent, Molisch reagent, Benedict's reagent, and Fehling's solutions used for preliminary phytochemical chemical group test were of reagent grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC, Missouri, United States. Vincristine sulfate, used as a standard drug in the cytotoxic assay, was collected from the Techno Drugs Limited, Bangladesh. Methanol supplied by Laboratory Patterson Scientific, UK, was used as solvent for maceration of the plant material. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, ≥99.9%, BioReagent, for molecular biology; Sigma-Aldrich, India) was used to dissolve the extracts.

All the solvents used in this experiment were of analytical grade; these were ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate. Hydrochloric acid 37%, sulfuric acid 95–97%, acetic acid (glacial) 100%, sodium chloride, formaldehyde solution 37%, sodium hydroxide, citric acid monohydrate, sodium citrate monobasic ≥99.5% (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), Folin–Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, Molisch reagent, magnesium powder, aluminum chloride, potassium iodide, iodine, benzene, and gallic acid. All chemicals used, unless otherwise stated, were obtained from the Merck Chemical Company (Darmstadt, Germany). Acarbose was generously provided by Dexa Medica, Indonesia, water for injection (Ikapharmindo Putramas, Indonesia), carboxymethyl cellulose (Brataco, Indonesia), streptozotocin (Wako, Fujifilm, Japan), xylazine (Interchemie, Netherland), and ketamine (Kepro, Netherland).

Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA), Luria Bertani broth, miller, and ampicillin sodium injection (SAM-500) were purchased from SRL Pvt. Ltd., HiMedia, and Saralife, respectively. The solvents, Molisch reagent, Wagner's reagent, and silica gel-coated TLC plates were obtained from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany. H₂SO_4, FeCl_3, HCl, chloroform, bismuth nitrate, glacial acetic acid, potassium iodide, anisaldehyde, ascorbic acid, ammonium molybdate, sodium phosphate (Na₃PO₄), potassium ferricyanide K₃Fe(CN)₆, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), ferric chroride (FeCl₃), and mercuric chloride as well as all other reagents used were of analytical and molecular grade.