Sunflower oil (Solesta, Aldi, Fermoy, Ireland), purchased in a local supermarket, was used as oil phase for preparation of double emulsions (DEs). The lipophilic emulsifier used to stabilize the colloidal emulsions, polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR), was supplied by Danisco (Copenhagen, Denmark), while whey protein isolates (WPI), used as hydrophilic emulsifiers in outer aqueous phase and consisted of 95% β-lactoglobulin, were from Davisco Foods International (Le Sueur, MN, USA). Maltodextrins with average dextrose equivalent values of 10 and 21 (MDE 10 and MDE 21) were obtained from Grain Processing Corporation (Muscatine, IA, USA). Deionised water was used for preparation of solutions. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, sodium carbonate and formic acid were supplied by Kemika (Zagreb, Croatia), while ethanol was from Carlo-Erba (Peypin, France); all chemicals were of analytical grade. Gallic acid and HPLC standards, ABTS [2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt], DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), Trolox (6-hydroxy--2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid), and Nile blue were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Acetonitrile and methanol (HPLC grade) were purchased from J.T.Baker (Deventer, the Netherlands).
Formic acid
Manufactured by Kemika
Sourced in Croatia
Formic acid is a colorless, volatile liquid chemical compound with the formula HCOOH. It is the simplest carboxylic acid and is used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in various industrial and laboratory applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium carbonate, by Kemika (1 mentions)
Ethanol, by Erba Group (1 mentions)
Nile blue, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Kemika (1 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 2 azinobis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic acid (abts), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Trolox, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Benzimidazole, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide solution, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Methanol, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Lc grade acetonitrile, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Caffeic, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
P coumaric, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ferulic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Syringe filter, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sulphuric acid, by Kemika (1 mentions)
Gf254 plates, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ethyl acetate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
4 protocols using formic acid
1
Development of Stable Sunflower Oil Emulsions
2
HPLC Analysis of Anticancer Drugs
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Standards of ABE, RIB, and PAL were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada). Benzimidazole (BEN) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Burlington, MA, USA). Tablets of ABE (Verzenios) and RIB (Kisqali), as well as capsules of PAL (Ibrance), which are clinically available, were used. Running buffers were prepared from 50 mM sodium phosphate solution with pH = 2.5 and 1 M sodium hydroxide solution, both purchased from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA). LC-grade acetonitrile and methanol were purchased from VWR International (Radnor, PA, USA). Formic acid was purchased from Kemika (Zagreb, Croatia). Ultra-pure water used for the preparation of all solutions and running buffers was obtained using a Milli-Q system.
3
Phytochemical Characterization and Bioactivity
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2-Aminoethyl diphenylborinate (NTS) was purchased from Fluka (Steinheim, Germany), toluene and ethyl acetate from Merck (KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), polyethyleneglycol (PEG) and methanol from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), and formic acid from Kemika (Zagreb, Croatia). Phenolic standards such as quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, rutin, myricetin, chrysin, luteolin, pinostrombin, pinobanksin, and naringenin were purchased from Fluka AG (Buch, Switzerland), while p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic acid, and gallic acids were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Syringe filters (13 mm, PTFE membrane 0.45 μm) were purchased from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA). In this study, a aqueous resazurin solution (0.675 mg/mL final concentration) of Resazurin Sodium Salt C12H6NNaO4 (TCI, Belgium) and a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) solution of 0.2% Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide C18H16BrN5S (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) with 0.1% Triton X-100 (C14H22O (C2H4O)n) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were used.
4
Triterpene Identification in Plant Extracts
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In order to monitor the presence of triterpene substances in different fractions obtained by Soxhlet extraction, a TLC method was performed using pre-coated silica gel GF254 plates (20x20 cm, thickness 0.25 mm, Merck, Dürmsttadt). The solvent system used as eluent was benzene (Merck, Germany): ethyl acetate (Sigma-Aldrich, US): formic acid (36:12:5) (Kemika, Zagreb). Detection of triterpene substances was achieved by observation under UV354/254, spraying with 4anisaldehyde (Merck, Germany) -sulphuric acid (Kemika, Zagreb) and heating with a heat gun until full color development. Since the triterpene compounds are the subject of the study, the triterpene standards were used for their identification in different extracts.
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