Phospho mapks

All chemicals, including anti-CT19 amyloid antibody and 10% neutral buffered formalin solution used in this study, were from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA). Specific antibodies to MAPKs, phospho-MAPKs, total tau, p-tau-T181, p-tau-S396, β-amyloid, TNF-α, MCP-1, GFAP, cleaved caspase-3, or IL-6 were purchased from Cell Signaling (Danver, MA, USA). Specific antibody to GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β-S9, CDK5, p-tau-T231, iNOS, 3-NT, CYP2E1, or NeuN was from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Antibody against p-CDK5-Tyr15, cleaved caspase-3, Bax, GAPDH, NeuN, GFAP, HSP90, HNF-1α, BNIP3, and secondary antibodies conjugated with horse radish peroxidase were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Recombinant HIV-1 Tat and gp120 (B.MN D11 strain) proteins were provided by the NIAID AIDS Reagent Program (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Neuro-2a cells were purchased from the ATCC (American Type Culture Cells (Manassas, VA). Other materials not described here were the highest grades available and/or the same, as recently described [21 (link), 22 (link)].

Recombinant murine TNF-α was purchased from R&D (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Dex was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Rg1 was purchased from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). Antibodies against the GR, acetylated lysine, NF-κBp65, phospho-MAPKs, MAPKs, HDAC2, and Nrf2 were purchased from Cell Signaling (Beverly, MA, USA).