Ursodeoxycholic acid

Optima grade acetonitrile and water were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Ammonium acetate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK). Formic acid was purchased from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Bile acid standards, including tauro-alpha-muricholic aicd (T-α-MCA), tauro-beta-muricholic acid (T-β-MCA), tauro-omega-muricholic acid (T-ω-MCA), alpha-muricholic acid (α-MCA), beta-muricholic acid (β-MCA), taurohyocholic acid (THCA), glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), hyocholic acid (HCA), taurohyoxydeoxycholic acid (THDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), cholic acid (CA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and deoxycholic acid (DCA) were purchased from Steraloids, Inc. (Newport, RI). Standard solutions of these 20 bile acids were prepared at concentrations of 0.5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1500, 5000, and 10 000 nM in a solution of 20% (v/v) acetonitrile and water.

Optima grade acetonitrile and water were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Ammonium acetate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK). Formic acid was purchased from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Bile acid standards were purchased from Steraloids, Inc. (Newport, RI) and included tauro-alpha-muricholic acid (T-α-MCA), tauro-beta-muricholic acid (T-β-MCA), tauro-omega-muricholic acid (T-ω-MCA), alpha-muricholic acid (α-MCA), beta-muricholic acid (β-MCA), taurohyocholic acid (THCA), glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), hyocholic acid (HCA), taurohyoxydeoxycholic acid (THDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), cholic acid (CA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and deoxycholic acid (DCA).

Taurocholic acid (TCA), tauro-β-muricholic acid (TMCA), tauromurideoxycholic acid (TMDCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), cholic acid (CA), α-muricholic acid (αMCA), β-muricholic acid (βMCA), ω-muricholic acid (ωMCA), murideoxycholic acid (MDCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), and lithocholic acid (LCA) were purchased from either Steraloids, Inc. (Newport, RI) or Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). Clofibric acid (CLOF) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO). Chloroform, agarose, and ethidium bromide were purchased from AMRESCO Inc. (Solon, OH). RNA-Bee was purchased from TelTest Inc. (Friendswood, TX). All other chemicals, unless indicated, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO).