Twenty honey and two corn syrup samples were purchased from companies in China and Japan in 2017 (Table 1 ). Fructose and maltose were purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). Glucose and sucrose were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Turanose, trehalose, and isomaltose were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Melezitose was purchased from Kanto Chemical (Tokyo, Japan).
Fructose
Manufactured by Nacalai Tesque
Sourced in Japan
Fructose is a monosaccharide, a type of simple sugar. It is commonly found in fruits, honey, and certain vegetables. Fructose serves as a source of energy for the body.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sucrose, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Mannose, by Nacalai Tesque (2 mentions)
Hexane, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Soybean oil, by Nacalai Tesque (2 mentions)
Ain 93g mineral mix, by Oriental Yeast (2 mentions)
Ain 93g vitamin mix, by Oriental Yeast (2 mentions)
2 thiobarbituric acid, by Nacalai Tesque (2 mentions)
1 1 3 3 tetraethoxypropane, by Nacalai Tesque (2 mentions)
Cholesterol, by Nacalai Tesque (2 mentions)
Choline bitartrate, by Nacalai Tesque (2 mentions)
Methionine, by Nacalai Tesque (2 mentions)
Turanose, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions)
Trehalose, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions)
Maltose, by Nacalai Tesque (1 mentions)
Isomaltose, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions)
Malt extract, by BD (1 mentions)
Kh2po4, by Nacalai Tesque (1 mentions)
Mgso4 7h2o, by Nacalai Tesque (1 mentions)
Yeast extract, by BD (1 mentions)
Xylan from birchwood, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
8 protocols using fructose
1
Honey and Corn Syrup Sample Analysis
2
Microbial Media Composition Analysis
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All chemicals used were the highest grade available. Glucose, fructose, mannose, agar powder, KH2PO4, (NH4)2SO4 and MgSO4 · 7H2O were purchased from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). Malt extract and yeast extract were purchased from Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Starch from corn, crystalline cellulose Sigmacell type 20 and xylan from birchwood were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
3
Carbohydrate Synthesis and Characterization
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Fructose, mannose, and galactose were obtained from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). Glucose, arabinose, sucrose, and norbixin standard were obtained from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co., Ltd (Osaka, Japan). Allose and psicose were obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd (Tokyo, Japan). All other chemicals were of analytical-reagent grade and were used without further purification. All aqueous solutions were prepared using water obtained from a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
Column chromatography was performed on silica gel (70–230 mesh). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on Merck 60 F254 silica gel plates. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker instrument (AVANCE III Nanobay 400) at 400 MHz for 1H and 100 MHz for 13C or on a Bruker Nanobay 500 MHz spectrometer with tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard. Chemical shifts (δ) are reported in parts per million (ppm) from TMS. 1H NMR multiplicities are reported as: s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, m = multiplet, and br = broad. Infrared spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu spectrophotometer (IRAffinity-1S). High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) measurements were recorded on a Waters instrument (Q-TOF Premier). The chemicals were of commercially available reagent grade and used without purification. Pyrrole was distilled in vacuo before use.
Column chromatography was performed on silica gel (70–230 mesh). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on Merck 60 F254 silica gel plates. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker instrument (AVANCE III Nanobay 400) at 400 MHz for 1H and 100 MHz for 13C or on a Bruker Nanobay 500 MHz spectrometer with tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard. Chemical shifts (δ) are reported in parts per million (ppm) from TMS. 1H NMR multiplicities are reported as: s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, m = multiplet, and br = broad. Infrared spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu spectrophotometer (IRAffinity-1S). High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) measurements were recorded on a Waters instrument (Q-TOF Premier). The chemicals were of commercially available reagent grade and used without purification. Pyrrole was distilled in vacuo before use.
4
Mosquito Rearing and Tissue Observation
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The An. stephensi mosquito SDA500 strain was maintained at 26 °C, 60–80% relative humidity, and under conditions of 13-h light/11-h dark at Jichi Medical University. Larvae were fed with fish food, Hikari (Kyorin, Himeji, Japan). Adults were fed on filter paper soaked with a 5% fructose (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan). Female BALB/c mice were obtained from Japan SLC (Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan). Mosquito tissues were observed using an inverted microscope, IX73 or SZX7 stereoscopic microscope equipped with a DP73 digital camera (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
5
Maple Syrup Composition Analysis
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Fructose, glucose, and sucrose were purchased from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). Nystose, 1-kestose, and 1-fructofuranosylNystose were purchased from FUJIFILM-Wako Pure Chemicals Co (Osaka, Japan). Maple Farms Japan, Inc. (Osaka, Japan) generously provided all maple syrup of grade A and sap. These maple syrups are made from sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and produced by Bascom Maple Farms, Inc. (Acworth, NH, USA). All other chemicals were of the highest purity and obtained from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan).
6
Fructose-Induced Metabolic Changes in Mice
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In experiment-I, mice were administered fructose (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) solution (2 g/kg body weight) intragastrically after 14 h fasting. The mice were sacrificed at 5 and 30 min after fructose administration. Control mice received glucose (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan) solution (2 g/kg body weight), instead of fructose.
In experiment-II, mice were administered fructose solution in the same manner as in experiment-I. The mice were sacrificed at 1–5 h after fructose administration. Blood samples were collected from the orbital sinus under anaesthesia (isoflurane) [23 (link)]. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan) was used as an anticoagulant. After blood sampling, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and tissue samples were collected. Plasma and tissue samples were stored at −80 °C until analysis.
In experiment-II, mice were administered fructose solution in the same manner as in experiment-I. The mice were sacrificed at 1–5 h after fructose administration. Blood samples were collected from the orbital sinus under anaesthesia (isoflurane) [23 (link)]. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan) was used as an anticoagulant. After blood sampling, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and tissue samples were collected. Plasma and tissue samples were stored at −80 °C until analysis.
7
Dietary Lipid and Carbohydrate Effects
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Lard and cellulose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., LLC. (Tokyo, Japan). Soybean oil, cholesterol, choline bitartrate, methionine, fructose, 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane, and 2-thiobarbituric acid were purchased from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). AIN-93G mineral mix and AIN-93G vitamin mix were purchased from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). PC and PG were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Corn starch was purchased from Sanwa Starch Co., Ltd. (Nara, Japan). Edible Acid Casein 30–60 Mesh was purchased from (Meggle, Wasserburg am Inn., Germany). Sucrose was purchased from Introduction of Hayashi Pure Chemical Ind., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Hexane was purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co. (Osaka, Japan).
8
Bilberry Anthocyanins Extract Powder Protocol
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Bilberry anthocyanins extract powder (Mirtoselect) was purchased from Indena Japan Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) and batch number was 32265/M2. Lard and cellulose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., LLC. (Tokyo, Japan). Soybean oil, cholesterol, choline bitartrate, methionine, fructose, acetic acid, lactic acid, propionic acid, 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane, 2-thiobarbituric acid, and proteinase inhibitor cocktail were purchased from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). AIN-93G mineral mix and AIN-93G vitamin mix were purchased from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Corn starch was purchased from Sanwa Starch Co., Ltd. (Nara, Japan). Edible Acid Casein 30–60 Mesh was purchased from Meggle GmbH & Co. KG (Wasserburg am Inn., Germany). Sucrose was purchased from Hayashi Pure Chemical Industry., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Paraformaldehyde, hexane and 2-ethyl butyric acid were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Co. (Osaka, Japan). Oil red O reagent was purchased from Muto Pure Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Antibodies against NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Antibodies against β-actin were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA).
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