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7 protocols using atp5a

1

Detecting Mitochondrial Protein Acetylation

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To detect acetylation of mitochondrial proteins, immunoprecipitation assay was performed using anti-Acetyl-Lysine (mAb mix) affinity beads. Cortical neurons were seeded at 20 × 106 in a T75 flask and treated with control, SIRT2 WT or KO OL-CM for 24 hours on DIV6-7. Neurons were collected on DIV7-8, washed with PBS, and lysed by lysis buffer (25 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1% NP-40, 5% glycerol) and protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche) on ice for 30 min. Samples were centrifuged at 14, 000 g at 4° C for 15 min. Cell lysate (1 mg) was incubated at 4° C for 3 hours with Anti-Acetyl-Lysine (mAb mix) affinity beads (Cytoskeleton, Inc) that were coated with a mixture of two anti-acetyl lysine antibodies (Clones 7B5A1 and 10C4B2.1), then spun down and washed three times by cold lysis buffer. 50 μL 2 × sample buffer with 20 mM DTT was added into each sample and boiled for 5 min prior to loading for immunoblots. Primary antibodies were used as follows: ANT1 (1:500, Sigma), ANT2 (1:500 Cell Signaling), ATP5A (1:1000, Santa Cruz), NDUFA5 (1:1000, Thermo), PHB2 (1:1000, Proteintech). VeriBlot for IP detection reagent (1:2000, Abcam) was used as a secondary antibody to avoid IgG signals in the IP samples.
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2

Immunoblotting Assays for Mitochondrial Proteins

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Immunoblotting assays were performed using antibodies against MTH1 (Santa Cruz (sc-271082, 1:400), Novus Biologicals (NB100-109SS, 1:1000), Affinity Biosciences (DF7359, 1:000)); MUTYH (sc-374571, 1:400), ATP5A (sc-136178, 1:400), UQCRC2 (sc-390378, 1:400) and OGG1/2 (sc-376935, 1:400) (Santa Cruz); MTH2 (Signalway Antibody LLC, 31526, 1:1000); MTH3 (Bioss Antibodies, bs-9514R, 1:1000); ND1 (19703-1-AP, 1:1000), CYTB (55090-1-AP, 1:1000), ATP8 (26723-1-AP, 1:1000), COX6A1 (11460-1-AP, 1:1000), and NDUFV1 (11238-1-AP) (Proteintech, 1:1000); MT-CO1 (ABclonal, A17889, 1:1000); p38 MAPK (anti-Thr180/Tyr182, Cell Signaling Technology, 8690, 1:1000); AKT (anti-Ser473, Cell Signaling Technology, 9271, 1:1000; pan-AKT, Affinity Biosciences, AF6261, 1:1000); PLCβ3 (anti-Ser1105 (bs-3341R), Bioss Antibodies, 1:1000; pan-PLCβ3 (AF4754), Affinity Biosciences, 1:1000); RhoA (anti-Ser188 (AF3352, 1:1000) and pan-RhoA (AF6352, 1:1000), Affinity Biosciences). The internal controls were: GAPDH (Bioworld, BS72410, 1:1000), β-actin (Bioworld, BS1002, 1:1000) or tubulin (Ab-mart, M30109, 1:1000).
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3

Analyzing Cardiac Protein Profiles

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Heart homogenates or cell lysates were made in RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 1 mM EDTA) with a protease inhibitor cocktail. The protein concentrations were determined using a Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit. Protein samples (10–20 μg) were loaded per lane on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel. Antibodies were obtained from the following sources: ATPIF1 (catalog 8528), LDHA (catalog 2012), PKM2 (catalog 4053), VDAC (catalog 4661), vinculin (catalog 13901), and histone 3 (catalog 4499) were from Cell Signaling Technology; OXPHOS cocktail (catalog ab110413), cytochrome c core 1 (catalog ab110252), COX-4 (catalog ab14744), and HIF1α (catalog ab1) were from Abcam; NDUFS4 (catalog MA5-19432) and COX-1 (catalog PA5-26688) were from Thermo Fisher Scientific; cytochrome b (catalog sc-11436), ATP5A (catalog sc-136178), and ATP5B (catalog sc-33618) were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology; GFP (catalog 11814460001), β-actin (catalog A2103), and α-tubulin (catalog T6199) were from MilliporeSigma.
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4

Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Regulation

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Cariporide, curcumin, and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Antibodies against NHE1, MCT1, MCT4, ATP5A, v-ATPase, β-actin, α-tubulin, Rag-A, Rag-B, Raptor, Caspase 3, Caspase 9, cleaved Caspase 3, and cleaved Caspase 9 were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Antibodies against AMPK, p-AMPK, GβL, PRAS40, and p-4EBP1 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA).
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5

Comprehensive Protein Extraction and Detection

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For protein extraction, cells were lysed in sample buffer (50 mM Tris–HCl, pH 6.8, 2% SDS, 10% glycerol, 100 mM dithiothreitol, and 0.1% bromophenol blue), and tissue lysates were prepared as previously described (Liu et al., 2018 (link)). Protein concentrations were measured using the BCA Protein Assay Kit (Beyotime). Extracted protein lysates were resolved by SDS‒PAGE and immunoblotted with the indicated primary antibodies (1:500‒1:10000) and their corresponding HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies. Blots were developed with chemiluminescent HRP substrate (Millipore) and imaged using a fusion FX5s system (Vilber Lourmat). Antibodies against the following proteins were used: PSA, NRF2, α-SMA, TGF-β, and ATP6 from Abcam; Akt, p-Akt (Ser473), IRS1, p-IRS1 (Ser307), p-IRS1 (Ser895), and F4/80 from Cell Signaling Technology; FASN, SREBP-1, NQO1, HO-1, GCLM, SDHB, COX5B, ATP5A, GAPDH, and β-actin from Santa-Cruz Biotechnology; PGC1α from Novus Biologicals; UQCRC1 and CYTB from Bioss.
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6

Quantifying Mitochondrial and mTOR Pathway Proteins

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The protein levels for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat # sc-1637), TSC1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat # sc-377386), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat # sc-293133), NDUFB8 (Abcam, Cat # ab192878), SDHB (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat # sc-271548), UQCRC2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat # sc-390378), COX5a (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat # sc-376907), ATP5A (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat # sc-136178), and β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat # sc-47778 HRP) were measured by western blot. Briefly, total protein levels were measured using NanoDrop™ Lite Spectrophotometer, and 40 μg of protein was loaded onto sodium-dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Following electrophoresis, proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membrane and were incubated with appropriate primary and secondary antibodies. The membranes were visualized using VILBER FUSION Gel Documentation System, and bands were quantified using ImageJ for densitometry.
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7

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Markers

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Cell lysates or tissues were lysed and quantified with a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay using the Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit (#23225; Thermo Fisher Scientific). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed, and the proteins were transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Millipore, Milford, MA, USA). The membranes were blocked with 5% skim milk in TBS containing 0.1% Tween-20 for 1 h and incubated with primary antibodies against NRF2 (1:1000, Abcam), β-actin (1:10,000, Sigma), UCP2 (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology), SDHA (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology), RieskeFeS (1:1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), COXI (1:1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), ATP5A (1:1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), HSP60 (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology), and KIM-1 (1:1000, Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO, USA) overnight at 4 °C. Then, the tissues were incubated for 1 h with horseradish-peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (PI-1000, PI-2000; 1:2000, Vector Laboratories), and the signal protein was detected using X-ray film and a chemiluminescence protocol. The blots were quantified and statistics were obtained using ImageJ (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA).
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