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6 protocols using alexa 546

1

Immunofluorescence Characterization of Cell Cultures

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Cell cultures were fixed using 4% formaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline. Primary antibodies were incubated overnight at 4 °C in labeling buffer containing 0.05 M Tris, 0.9% NaCl, 0.25% gelatin and 0.5% Triton-X-100 (pH 7.4). The following primary antibodies were used: SOX2, Nestin, MAP2, TBR1, GAD67, NeuN and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (Merck-Millipore); FOXG1 (ProSci, Poway, CA, USA); Vimentin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA); AFP (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA); TRA-1-81 and Nanog (Beckton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA); OCT4, BRN2, SATB2, CUX1, CUX2 and CTIP2 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK); Synapsin, MAP2 (Synaptic Systems, Göttingen, Germany); and PSD95 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The following secondary antibodies were used: Alexa-488, Alexa-546, Alexa-555 and Cy3 antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA, USA). Samples were imbedded in Mowiol 4-88 (Sigma-Aldrich), after which confocal imaging was performed with a Zeiss LSM700 confocal microscope using ZEN software (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany).
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2

Immunofluorescence Staining of Cardiac Tissues

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Frozen slices of heart were used for immunofluorescence histochemical staining. Cryostat cardiac sections fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde were blocked in solution containing 10% FBS and 0.1% Triton X-100 for 1 h at 4 °C, followed by incubation with antibodies against WGA (GDP1020, Servicebio), GRP78 (ab21685, Abcam), eNOS (ab300071, Abcam), Serca2(ab150435, Abcam) or F4/80 (ab6640, Abcam) at 4 °C for 24 h. After washing and incubating with a fluorescent secondary antibody (Alexa 488 or Alexa 546, Jackson ImmunoResearch, Laboratories, West Grove, PA) at 4 °C for 2 h, the slices were mounted using Vectashield hard-set mounting medium with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA).
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3

Quantifying Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Mice

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Mice were transcardially perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in phosphate buffer. Brains were postfixed for 48 hours and sectioned on a vibratome (Leica Microsystems) and collected in cold PBS. To count the BrdU in the hippocampal dentate gyrus SGZ, free-floating sections were then incubated with primary antibody for BrdU (1:500; Fitzgerald) and biotin conjugated secondary (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA) along with Alexa Fluor 633 (Invitrogen) was used. Slices were mounted in Vectashield (Vector) and observed with a fluorescence microscope (Olympus Fluoview FV10i, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope, Center Valley, PA) for labeling at × 10. To determine the number of BrdU+ cells in the SGZ, we counted every sixth section (6 sections per brain) and multiplied the result by 6.42 (link) Representative slices from each group were separately double stained for doublecortin (DCX) and BrdU to determine whether BrdU+ cells were also DCX+. Free-floating sections were incubated with primary antibodies for Brdu (1:500) and DCX (1:300; Millipore). After primary incubation, the corresponding secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 633 (Invitrogen) for DCX and biotin conjugated secondary (Jackson ImmunoResearch) along with Alexa 546 (Jackson ImmunoResearch) was used for Brdu.
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4

Immunostaining and Confocal Imaging Protocol

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Immunostaining and imaging were performed as previously described36 . Cells from three-dimensional cultures were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde/PBS for 10 min, permeabilized in 0.5% Triton X-100/10% Goat serum/10% fish gelatin/PBS for 1 h and incubated overnight in primary antibodies. Primary antibodies used were as follows: PAR6B 1/200 (Santa Cruz #sc-67393), aPKCι 1/100 (BD Transduction #610175), PARD3B 1/100 (Santa Cruz #sc-398761), myc 1/100 (Origene # TA150121), GFP 1/500 (Abcam #ab13970), PTPN14 1/100 (R&D Systems #MAB4458), E-cadherin 1/200 (Cell Signaling #3195S), V5 1/200 (Thermo Fisher Scientific # R960-25), β1-integrin 1/200 (Abcam #ab30394), ZO-1 1/100 (Cell Signaling #8193S), YAP 1/100 (Cell Signaling #14074) and Phalloidin 1/100 (Invitrogen #A34055). The secondary antibodies conjugated to Alexa488, Alexa546, Alexa647, and Cy3 (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) were used at 1:750. DNA was detected with Hoechst dye 33258. Confocal imaging was performed using a LSM700 microscope from Zeiss with 20X/0.8NA or 40X/1.4NA objective lenses and processed using FIJI/ImageJ37 (link) (version 1.53c, https://imagej.net/software/fiji/)36 .
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5

Collagen I and Fibronectin Immunofluorescence

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Fibroblasts and MSCs were plated on glass coverslips in 24-well plates. For wells to be analyzed for collagen I, cells were treated with 0.2mM ascorbate (Sigma-Aldrich). Monolayers were fixed with 3.7% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 10 minutes, blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin in PBS for 1 hour, incubated with rabbit anti-collagen I or anti-fibronectin [35 (link)] for 1 h, and then incubated with anti-rabbit secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa 546 (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA). Nonspecific rabbit anti-serum was used as a negative control. Coverslips were counterstained for DNA with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and mounted with ProLong Gold anti-fade reagent (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA). Coverslips were then visualized by fluorescence microscopy with a Nikon Eclipse Ti inverted microscope and CoolSNAP HQ2 charge-coupled device camera (Photometrics) using the appropriate filters for Alexa 546.
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6

Immunofluorescence Staining of Oocytes

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An antibody against CENP-C made in guinea pig was made by generating a clone expressing amino acids 502–939 (Genscript). This guinea pig anti-CENP-C was used at 1:1000. Additional primary antibodies were rat anti-CID (Active motif, 1:100), rabbit anti-CID (Active motif, 1:100), rabbit anti-SPC105R (1:4000) [69 (link)], rabbit anti-GFP (Invitrogen, 1:400), rat anti-HA (Roche, 1:50), mouse anti-C(3)G (1:500) [70 (link)], two mouse anti-ORB antibodies, 6H4 and 4H8 (1:100 for each) [71 (link)] and mouse anti-α tubulin DM1A conjugated directly to FITC (Sigma, 1:50). The secondary antibodies that were used were Cy3, Alexa 546, Alexa 633, or Alexa 647 from Jackson Immunoresearch Laboratories, and Alexa 488 from Invitrogen. The oocytes were stained with Hoechst 33342 at 1:10,000 (10 μg/ml). FISH probes were obtained from IDT where the X359 repeat was labeled with Alexa 594, the dodeca repeat was labeled with Cy5, and the AACAC repeat was labeled with Cy3.
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