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12 protocols using peroxidase glucose oxidase

1

Phytochemical Extraction and Bioactivity Assays

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Solvents of analytical grade were obtained from VWR International s.r.l. (Milan, Italy).
Tween 20, ascorbic acid, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, sodium carbonate, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), tripyridyltriazine (TPTZ), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS) solution, β-carotene, linoleic acid, Orlistat, Trizma base, 4-nitrophenyl octanoate (NPC), maltose, α-amylase from porcine pancreas, α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, o-dianisidine dihydrochloride, and peroxidase/glucose oxidase (PGO) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich S.p.a. (Milan, Italy).
Acarbose from Actinoplanes sp. was obtained from Serva (Heidelberg, Germany). Caffeic acid, protocactechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, eriocitrin, gallic acid, apigenin, didymin, quercetin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, neoeriocitrin, naringin, narirutin, sinensetin, tangeretin, rutin, quercetin-O-glucoside, genistin, poncirin, luteolin, kaempferol, hesperetin, rhamnetin, umbelliferone, isopimpinellin, and bergapten were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Chem. Co. (Milwaukee, WI, USA). Acetonitrile, formic acid, methanol, and water were HPLC-grade solvents, obtained from Carlo Erba Reagents (Milano, Italia).
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2

Moringa oleifera Seed Characterization

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Moringa oleifera seeds were harvested in June 2023 in the same field in the locality of Ezezang (4°15′N and 11°25′E), located in the Centre Region of Cameroon.
Pepsin (from porcine gastric mucosa, 3200–4500 U/mg protein), trypsin (from porcine pancreas, 1.5 U/g protein), Alcalase (from Bacillus licheniformis, ≥2.4 U/g protein), thermolysine (from Geobacillus stearothermophilus 0.03–0.17 U/g protein), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), ferrozine (3-(2-pyridyl)acid-5,6-bis(4-phenyl-sulfonic)-1,2,4-triazine), Tris buffer, gallic acid, potassium persulfate, catechin, glucose, glucose kit, glucose oxidase (GOP), peroxidase glucose oxidase (PGO), 4-aminophenazone (4-AP), commercial yeast, krebs buffer, human insulin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA). All the chemicals were of the highest purity available.
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3

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Assays

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The solvents used in this study were obtained from VWR International s.r.l. (Milan, Italy). Gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, catechin, rutin, ascorbic acid, propyl gallate, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), β-carotene, linoleic acid, pancreatic lipase, Tween 20, sodium potassium tartrate, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), o-dianisidine (DIAN) color reagent, peroxidase-glucose oxidase (PGO), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, (ABTS) solution, sodium acetate, β-carotene, linoleic acid, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich s.r.l. (Milan, Italy). l-Glutamine and penicillin/streptomycin were purchased from Gibco, Life Technologies (Waltham, MA, USA).
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4

Phytochemical Analysis and Bioactivity Evaluation

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Solvents of analytical grade were obtained from VWR International s.r.l. (Milan, Italy) while solvents used for Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-diode array detector (DAD) were purchased from Carlo Erba s.r.l. (Milan, Italy). Acarbose from Actinoplanes sp. was purchased from Serva (Heidelberg, Germany). α-Glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (EC 3.2.1.20), α-amylase from porcine pancreas (EC 3.2.1.1), pancreatic lipase, apigenin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumarin, herniarin, ferulic acid, luteolin, homovanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, rosmarinic acid, and vanillinic acid, ascorbic acid, propyl gallate, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), quercetin, Tween 20, ascorbic acid, sodium potassium tartrate, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, (ABTS) solution, sodium acetate, β-carotene, linoleic acid, peroxidase-glucose oxidase (PGO), sodium phosphate, maltose, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, potato starch, and o-dianisidine colour reagent (DIAN) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich s.r.l. (Milan, Italy).
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5

Comprehensive Phytochemical and Bioactivity Analysis

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Solvents of HPLC grade were purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Milan, Italy), while solvents of analytical grade were obtained from VWR International s.r.l. (Milan, Italy). Acarbose was purchased from Serva (Heidelberg, Germany). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, Tween 20, ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), sulphuric acid, sodium carbonate, propyl gallate, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), tripyridyltriazine (TPTZ), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS) solution, β-carotene, linoleic acid, orlistat, 4-nitrophenyl octanoate (NPC), maltose, α-amylase from porcine pancreas, α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, o-dianisidine dihydrochloride, 4-nitrophenyl octanoate (NPC), porcine pancreatic lipase, peroxidase/glucose oxidase (PGO), hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, 4-hydroxyphenyl acetate, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, verbascoside, luteolin, and oleuropein were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich S.p.a. (Milan, Italy).
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6

Postprandial Abomasal Emptying and Metabolism

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Postprandial abomasal emptying and plasma glucose and insulin curves were determined on d 6. Acetaminophen was added to the morning MR meal at 0.13 g/ kg of BW 0.75 and its appearance in plasma was used as an indicator of abomasal emptying (Schaer et al., 2005; (link)MacPherson et al., 2016) (link). Plasma was analyzed for concentrations of acetaminophen [Paracetamol (ac-etaminophen) Assay Kit-K8002; Cambridge Life Sciences Ltd., Cambridgeshire, UK] and insulin (Mercodia Bovine Insulin ELISA; Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden) as described by MacPherson et al. (2016) (link). Plasma glucose was determined using an enzymatic assay with peroxidase glucose oxidase and dianisidine dihydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Inter-and intra-assay coefficients of variation for plasma acetaminophen, insulin, and glucose were 0.9 and 1.3%, 4.7 and 4.6%, and 3.3 and 0.9%, respectively.
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7

Phytochemical Evaluation and Bioactivities

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Solvents of analytical grade were obtained from VWR International s.r.l. (Milan, Italy), solvents of HPLC grade were purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Milan, Italy). Acarbose was obtained from Serva (Heidelberg, Germany). Tween 20, ascorbic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), sulfuric acid, sodium carbonate, orlistat, 4-nitrophenyl octanoate (NPC), propyl gallate, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), β-carotene, tripyridyl triazine (TPTZ), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS) solution, maltose, vanillic acid, linoleic acid, 4-nitrophenyl octanoate (NPC), α-amylase from porcine pancreas, porcine pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, o-dianisidine dihydrochloride, peroxidase/glucose oxidase (PGO), caffeic acid, hydroxytyrosol, verbascoside, tyrosol, 4-hydroxyphenyl acetate, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and oleuropein were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich S.p.a. (Milan, Italy).
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8

Plasma Hormone and Glucose Analysis

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Plasma samples were analyzed for hormone and glucose concentrations. Plasma hormone concentrations were measured following the time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay technique, which was previously described by Sugino et al. (2004) . Plasma GLP-1 concentration was measured using a solid-phase competition immunoassay with europium-labeled human GLP-1 and polystyrene microtiter strips (Nalgene Nunc Int., Tokyo, Japan) coated with anti-rabbit γ-globulin (Inabu et al., 2017) . Intra-and interassay coefficients of variation were 4.7 and 5.3%, respectively, and the least detectable level was 0.007 ng/mL. The plasma concentration of insulin was measured using a solid-phase competition immunoassay with europium-labeled bovine insulin and polystyrene microtiter strips coated with anti-guinea pig γ-globulin (Inabu et al., 2017) . Intra-and interassay coefficients of variation were 2.1 and 3.1%, respectively, and the least detectable level was 0.14 ng/mL. Plasma glucose concentration was analyzed using an enzymatic method with peroxidase glucose oxidase (Sigma-Aldrich).
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9

Quantifying Glucose Metabolism and Lactate Production

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Glucose consumption was quantified by glucose oxidase-peroxidase (Sigma, MO, USA) reaction coupled with oxidation of Amplex Red reagent (Life Technologies, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Glucose consumption was calculated by subtracting the amount of glucose present in cell culture medium without any cells. Lactic acid produced in the medium was quantified using a lactic acid assay kit (Sigma, MO, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The OD value was measured and applied to the standard curve to calculate the test samples.
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10

C-μPAD Fabrication and Characterization

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Trichlorosilane (97%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as hydrophobic agent. D-(+)-Glucose (99.5%), glucose oxidase/peroxidase (from Aspergillus niger, 215 U mg1), and o-dianisidine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich to carry out the enzymatic glucose assay. Human whole blood with potassium oxalate/sodium fluoride anticoagulant was purchased from BioreclamationIVT and Vivid Plasma Separation GX membrane was obtained from Pall Corporation. Human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) protein, anti-human TNFα antibody, and biotinylated anti-human TNFα antibody were purchased from Abcam for immunoassay demonstration. Streptavidin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP), Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), stop solution (contains 0.16M sulfuric acid), and sample diluents were purchased from Thermofisher Scientific. Food coloring dye (McCormick & Company, Inc., MD) and Whatman No. 1 chromatography paper (Carolina biological, NC) were used for characterization and fabrication of C-µPAD.
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