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6 protocols using cobalt chloride hexahydrate cocl2 6h2o

1

Polyimide-Based Sensing Membrane Fabrication

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Materials included a polyimide (PI) sheet (Kapton HN, thickness: 125 μm, McMaster-Carr), polyamic acid (PAA; 80% N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone/20% aromatic hydrocarbon, Sigma-Aldrich), cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2·6H2O, Sigma-Aldrich), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA; Mw: 89 000–98 000, >99% hydrolyzed, Sigma-Aldrich), potassium hydroxide pellets (KOH; Sigma-Aldrich), phosphoric acid solution (H3PO4; 85 wt%, Sigma-Aldrich), and deionized water (DIW; Sigma-Aldrich).
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2

Cobalt-Induced Toxicity in Rats: Dose and Time-Dependent Effects

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Experiments were performed in adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats obtained from Charles River (UK). The body weight range at the start of the experiments was 210–280 g. Food and water were provided ad libitum. Their body weight and general aspects of health were monitored daily.
Freshly-made cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2.6H2O; Sigma-Aldrich, Dorset, UK) solutions dissolved in distilled water (dH2O) and dH2O were sterilised through a 0.22 μm syringe-driven filter (Merck Millipore, Watford, UK).
Two separate in vivo experiments were performed successively. The first experiment was a time-response experiment in which a 7-day cobalt treatment was compared against a 28-day treatment at a fixed cobalt dose. Animals were treated daily with either 1 mL/kg body weight dH2O (controls) or 1 mg/kg body weight (BW) CoCl2 doses injected i.p. (treated groups). The second in vivo experiment was a dose-response experiment. The animals were given 1 mL/kg dH2O i.p. in the case of the control group, or a range of cobalt solutions- 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg BW i.p. injections for 28 days. Figure 1 depicts the sample size and design information diagrammatically.
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3

Biosynthesis of Silver-Cobalt Nanoparticles

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Silver nitrate (AgNO3) and cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2.6H2O) (Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, U.K.), used as received. Leaf extract of Canna indica (Indian shot), filter paper (Whatman no.1) and distilled-deionised water (d-d water).
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4

Electrochemical Bacterial Biosensor Development

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Urea, p-phenylenediamine, citric acid, cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2·6H2O), lithium chloride (LiCl2), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), potassium sulfate (K2SO4), toluene, n-hexane, dimethyl formamide, ethyl acetate, methanol and ammonium were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Luria–Bertani (LB) agar was purchased from Pronadisa (Spain). Interdigitated gold electrodes (Dimensions: 10 × 6 × 0.75 mm3; glass substrate; Insulating layer: EPON SU8 resin; electrode material: Au; electrode thickness: 150 nm; microelectrode with: 10 μm, microelectrode gap: 10 μm; number of fingers: 90 pairs) were purchased from MicruX Technologies (Oviedo, Spain). The bacteria used in the studies were Escherichia coli DH10B wild type, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 wild type, Bacillus subtilis PY79 and Staphylococcus aureus wild type strains (generously provided by Prof. Ariel Kushmaro, Ben Gurion University). Ultrapure distilled water (Millipore) was used in all experiments.
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5

Galvanic-Corrosion-Derived (Co,Fe)OOH Catalyst

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A (Co,Fe)OOH sample was synthesized via galvanic corrosion and grown directly on an iron foam. Before the synthesis, a piece of the iron foam (2 cm × 3 cm, Alantum Co., Seongnam-City, Korea) was first etched with 1 M HCl for 15 min to remove the surface oxide layer, after which it was washed with acetone, ethanol, and deionized water under ultrasonication for 10 min. Thereafter, the washed iron foam was immersed in 70 mL of an aqueous solution containing 3.0 mM cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2·6H2O, Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA) for 4 h with stirring at room temperature (25 °C). After the galvanic corrosion reaction, the (Co,Fe)OOH on the iron foam sample was thoroughly rinsed with ethanol and deionized water, followed by drying overnight in a convection oven at 70 °C. This sample was named (Co,Fe)OOH.
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6

Hypoxia-Induced ROS Generation Assay

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Cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2·6H2O) (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) or 1% O2 was used to induce hypoxia in AGS cells as per standard methods (Rath et al., 2016 (link); Wu and Yotnda, 2011 ). CTK7A at 100 µM dose (Arif et al., 2010 (link)) either alone or in combination with CoCl2 (200 µM) was used for 24 h treatment. ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580, and JNK inhibitor IISP600125 (all from Calbiochem, CA, USA) were used at 25 µM dose for 1 h prior to CoCl2 and CTK7A treatment. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) (both from Sigma Aldrich) were used at 200 units/ml and 350 units/ml dose, respectively, for 4 h prior to treatment with CoCl2 and CTK7A. 5-(and 6)-chloromethyl-2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, acetyl ester (CM-H2-DCFDA; Invitrogen, CA, USA) was used to detect intracellular ROS generation.
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