Halloysite

5-Bromothiophene-2-carbaldehyde and 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione were purchased from Acros Organics. 3-Iodopropyltrimethoxysilane (99%) and halloysite were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). DBM, analytic reagent, and branched PEI with a molecular mass of 25 kDa were purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation. Europium chloride (EuCl₃⋅6H₂O) was obtained by dissolving Eu₂O₃ (99.99%; Shanghai Yuelong) in hydrochloric acid, followed by successive fuming to remove excess acid. All other reagents were analytically pure and were purchased from the China National Medicines Group.
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). The fluorescein Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) double staining kit was purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay kits were purchased from Kaiji BioTech (Nanjing, People’s Republic of China). VX2 liver tumor-bearing rabbits were purchased from the Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang.

Cytochalasin D, Chlorpromazine H, Sodium azide and Nocodazole were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium, trypsin and penicillin-streptomycin were purchased by Gibco Life Technologies. Halloysite was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich by Merck and used without further purification. Halloysite has an average tube diameter of 50 nm and inner lumen diameter of 15 nm. Typical specific surface area is 65 m² g⁻¹; pore volume of ~1.25 cm³ g⁻¹; refractive index 1.54 and specific gravity 2.53 g cm⁻³.
HNT/CURBO was synthetized as reported elsewhere.28