Vertex 70v spectrometer

A Nova NanoSEM 200 scanning electron microscope (SEM; FEI, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) coupled with a GenesisXM X-ray microanalysis system (EDAX, Tilburg, The Netherlands) equipped with a Sapphire Si(Li) energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) detector was used to perform the examination of the microstructure of the produced membranes. The microstructures of scaffolds were evaluated after coating with a carbon layer. The average fiber diameter was calculated based on SEM images. Approximately 100 fibers were analyzed using the Image J software.
Infrared spectroscopy was performed with a Bruker VERTEX 70 V spectrometer (ATR technique with the use of a platinum single-crystal diamond for membranes. For A2 and A2Zn5 powders, KBr pellets were fabricated, by dispersing the sample in KBr. All spectra were collected in the range of 4000–550 cm⁻¹, 128 scans were accumulated at 4 cm⁻¹ resolution.

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy38 39 was used to examine the dielectric function in the range 1–13 meV, from amplitude and phase resolved transmission measurements. The THz pulse was generated by a 800 nm, 20 fs pulse from a Ti:sapphire laser focused onto a GaAs photoconductive switch and detected by electro-optic sampling. The spectral transmission was calculated from the FFT of the time-domain data, using blank LaAlO₃ as the reference. Data were averaged over four possible orientations of the PTFO samples and a blank substrate (VV, VH, HV, HH, where H/V represent horizontal or vertical orientation of the sample and substrate respectively). This removes the influence of substrate anisotropy40 (link).
FTIR reflectivity spectra were taken using a Bruker Vertex 70v spectrometer at an angle of incidence of 11°. A globar light source was used, along with a KBr beamsplitter/DLaTGS detector for the mid-IR range (50–1000 meV), and a Si beamsplitter/DTGS detector for the far-IR range (15–48 meV). The RefFit software (http://optics.unige.ch/alexey/reffit.html) was used to model the reflectivity of thin film PTFO on LaAlO₃. The Drude-Lorentz dielectric function was used, with the form: where for each mode i.

For each tumoral and healthy margin tissue, four maps (530 μm × 530 μm, 2 sections × 2 maps) from different areas were collected. It means that 40 FT-IR maps (4 maps × 10 patients) were acquired from each type of tissue (80 FT-IR maps in total). Since the margin is strongly heterogeneous, for sections of this tissue two maps were collected separately for lipid-rich and lipid-poor regions. FT-IR maps of the studied tissues placed onto CaF₂ windows were collected using a HYPERION 3000 microscope coupled with a Vertex 70v spectrometer (Bruker Optics, Ettlingen, Germany). The microscope was equipped with a 15 × magnification objective and a 64 × 64 pixels focal plane array (FPA) detector (2.66 μm projected pixel size). The spectral data were registered in transmission mode in the range from 3800 to 900 cm⁻¹ with a spectral resolution of 4 cm⁻¹. The number of scans per spectrum was 256.

For the IR transmission and PM-IRRAS measurements, a Vertex 70v spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) with a PMA50 module was used. A polarizer (K276, Optomatrics Corp., Littleton, CO, USA) was used for the investigations using polarized light (azimuthal orientation, IR in transmission). The UPS measurements were performed in a multichamber ultra-high vacuum system equipped with an Omicron hemispherical analyzer (Omicron Vakuumphysik, Taunusstein, Germany, EA 125) and a helium discharge lamp (Leybold–Heraeus, Köln, Germany, UVS10/35) using He I radiation (21.22 eV).
The DFT calculations for the trimers and shortened (ethyl) side chains were carried out to assign experimental IR bands to the vibrational modes, using Gaussian 16 [42 ] at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory and a scaling factor of 0.97. Methyl groups were added at the end of each polymer backbone.

Nicolet NXR 9650 FT-Raman spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) was used in this study to collect spectra of frozen tissues of ovarian cancer tissues. This spectrometer has Nd:YAG laser with 1064 nm wavelength and a germanium detector. In this study unfocused laser beam was used with a diameter of approximately 100 μm. Moreover, each sample was scanned 64 times with spectral resolution of 8 cm⁻¹ and laser power of 1 W. The measurement range was between 150 and 3700 cm⁻¹. In the other hand, a Bruker Vertex 70v spectrometer equipped with an attenuated total reflection (ATR) diamond crystal plate was used to collect FTIR spectra of ovarian tissues. The absorbance spectra were collected in the range between 400 and 4000 cm⁻¹ using 32 scans and spectral resolution 4 cm⁻¹. Before FTIR measurement, a background spectrum was collected. Moreover after each measurement, diamond crystal was cleaned using 70% of ethanol. For measurements, frozen ovarian cancer tissues were cut into thin (10 µm) slides and put on the gold standard for Raman and CaF₂ glasses for FTIR spectra collected.