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9 protocols using anti hbc

1

Immunoprecipitation and Western Blot Analysis

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After transfection, cells were washed with ice-cold PBS after 36 h, harvested by scraping, then lysed using an RIPA lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.4], 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP40, 0.1% SDS) supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail (Thermo Scientific). After centrifugation at 13,000 rpm at 4 °C for 5 min, supernatants were incubated with primary antibody or IgG (Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and protein G agarose beads (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) at 4 °C overnight. Immunoprecipitates were washed with a washing buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.4], 150 mM NaCl) three times, then whole cell lysate and immunoprecipitated fractions were used for western blot analysis. The following primary antibodies were used: anti-HA (catalog no. H6908, Sigma-Aldrich), anti-Flag (catalog no. F1804, Sigma-Aldrich), anti-BAF200 (catalog no. A302-230A, Bethyl), anti-HBc (catalog no. B0586, Dako).
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2

Western Blot Antibody Validation

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Vendors for antibodies are shown in parentheses: anti-HBc (Dako, Real Carpinteria, CA), anti-STAT3 (GeneTex, Taiwan), anti-GAPDH, anti-tubulin and anti-phospho-Stat3 (tyr705) (Cell Signaling Technology Inc, Danvers, MA). Secondary antibodies include mouse anti-rabbit-HRP, goat anti-mouse-HRP (GeneTex, Taiwan).
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3

Western Blot Immunodetection Protocols

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Anti-HA-tag (rabbit polyclonal, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA), anti-FLAG-tag (mouse monoclonal, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA), anti-HA-tag (mouse monoclonal, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA), anti-HBc (rabbit polyclonal, DAKO, Carpinteria, CA, USA), and anti-HBc (rabbit monoclonal, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA) were used as primary antibodies. As secondary antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), we used goat anti-mouse (MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA) and goat anti-rabbit (MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA). For visualization, we used a SuperSignal™ West Femto Maximum Sensitivity Substrate (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and LAS-4000 imager. As secondary antibodies for the LI-COR system, we used goat anti-rabbit IgG (H + L) IRDye 800CW (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA) and goat anti-mouse IgG (H + L) IRDye 680RD (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA). Western blots were visualized using an LI-COR Odyssey CLx system and the Image Studio Lite Software (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA).
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4

Comprehensive HBV Antibody Characterization

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Rabbit polyclonal anti-HBc antibody is from DAKO (B0586). For the detection of capsids, mouse monoclonal anti-HBc C1 (ab8637) was purchased from Abcam, and mouse monoclonal anti-HBc 2A7 was kindly provided by Prof. Quan Yuan (Xiamen University, China). For the immunoprecipitation of HBV virions, rabbit anti-HBs (NB100-62652, Novus, Centennial, CO, USA) and rabbit anti-preS1 antibodies (kindly provided by Prof. Shuping Tong, Brown University, USA) were used. For immunofluorescence staining, commercially available rabbit polyclonal anti-Alix (12422-1-AP, Proteintech, Chicago, IL, USA), and rabbit polyclonal anti-HBc (0282, Long Island Antibody, Shanghai, China) were used. Other commercially available antibodies are as follows: mouse anti-β-tubulin (M20005, Abmart, Shanghai, China), mouse anti-β-actin (T40104, Abmart, Shanghai, China), and rabbit anti-Flag (14793S, Cell Signaling Technology, Boston, MA, USA).
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5

Protein Expression Profiling Protocol

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anti-HBc (Dako), anti-PPARγ (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-GAPDH, anti-PKLR, anti-G6Pase, anti-tubulin, anti-NF-κB/p65 (GeneTex), anti-PGC1α (Origene), anti-PCK1 (Abnova), anti-GCK (Biovision), anti-phospho-NF-κB/p65(Ser468), phospho-NF-κB/p65(Ser536) (Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.). Secondary antibodies include mouse anti-rabbit-HRP, goat anti-mouse-HRP (GeneTex), and donkey anti-goat-HRP (Santa Cruz Biotechnology).
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6

Quantitative Detection of HBV Antigens

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HBsAg were detected quantitatively by Architect assay (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL). Liver tissues were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, and cut into slices with 3-mm thickness for immunohistological analysis. HBcAg and FLAG-tagged STUB1 were stained with polyclonal anti-HBc (Dako, B0586, 1:300 dilution) and anti-FLAG STUB1 (Cell Signaling, 2368, 1:500 dilution), respectively.
HBeAg from cell culture supernatant of HepAD38 cells and HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells were measured as the procedure described previously[41 (link)]. The monoclonal antibody 16D9, which was used for specificly isolating HBeAg or precore protein, was kindly gifted by Professor Xia Ningshao (Xia Men University). For the HBeAg in HBV transgenic mice were detected quantitatively by Architect assay (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL).
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7

Visualizing HBV Protein Localization

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HepAD38 cells were treated with BAY 41-4109, C-18, or C-39 for 3 days, and then seeded on cover glasses in 12-well plates. After being fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 25 min at room temperature, the cells were incubated with a primary antibody (anti-HBc, 1:1000, B0586, Dako) overnight. Then, the cells were washed in PBS and incubated with Alexa Fluor® 488 dye conjugated anti-rabbit antibody (MA-1-91878, Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA). Finally, cells were mounted with 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and images were taken using a Leica confocal microscope.
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8

Intracellular HBV Capsid Analysis

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The intracellular HBV capsids were analyzed using the previously described procedure [50 (link)]. Briefly, the cells or liver were lysed NP-40 buffer (0.1% NP40, 1 mM EDTA, 100 mM NaCl, and 10 mM Tris-HCl; pH 7.6), and core particles were obtained by 7% PEG8000 precipitation. The amount of assembled capsid particles was determined by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis. The particles were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and detected with polyclonal anti-HBc (Dako, B0586, 1:800 dilution). For Bay41-4109-induced aberrant polymers, the 5th and 8th fractions of density gradient centrifugation assay were subject to 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis and detected by anti-HBc (Abcam, 8637).
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9

Purification of Dane Particles from HBV Inoculum

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Dane particles were purified from the PEG precipitated HBV inoculum by sequential ultracentrifugation through a cushion of sucrose first, then on a sucrose density gradients at 35000 rpm for 16 hr at 4°C in a Beckman SW41Ti Rotor. Collected fractions were tested for sucrose density, HBV DNA (qPCR), HBcAg (western blot with anti-HBc (Dako)), HBeAg and HBsAg (ELISA).
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