Potassium persulfate k2s2o8

Protamex and Alcalase L 2.4 FG were purchased from Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark). Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂PO₄), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na₂HPO₄), extran neutral MA02, (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid [ABTS]), and potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Iron (II) sulfate (FeSO₄) and 3-(2-Pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-p,p′-disulfonic acid monosodium salt hydrate (Ferrozine) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), sodium ascorbate, hydrochloric acid, methyl linoleate, and tween-20 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Hemin was purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Ethanol (99.9%) was purchased from Chemethyl A/S (Køge, Denmark), and sodium hydroxide was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Renningen, Germany).

The carbohydrates standards for identification and quantification of oligosaccharides were d-xylose, xylobiose, xylotriose, xylotrehalose, and xylopentaose were acquired at Megazymes (Bray, Ireland), while polysaccharides standards for molecular weight were bought from Shodex^TM (Munich, Germany) and d-galactose and d-cellobiose from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MA, USA).
All the consumables and enzymes used for the simulation of the gastrointestinal tract used in this work were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MA, USA): α-amylase, bile salts, pork pancreatin, pork pepsin, as well as hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃), and sulphuric acid. From Merck (Kenilworth, NJ, USA), potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈) was obtained.
For the assessment of antioxidant activities and total polyphenolic compounds, the following reagents were used: Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, fluorescein, ABTS, AAPH, and Trolox and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MA, USA).
The prebiotic assessment was performed through microorganisms’ fermentation using adequate media Muller–Hinton (MH) and de Man–Rogosa–Sharp (MRS) were acquired from Biokar (Allonne, France), while cysteine used as a supplement for MRS was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The positive control used FOS, which was purchased from Orafti (Oreye, Belgium).

Ethanol, mEthanol, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈), Lysogeny Broth with Agar and Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Gentamicin sulfate was purchased from Biochrome.

EOs and HYs from inflorescences of L. nobilis, S. officinalis and S. sclarea cultivated in Tuscany (no wild site), Italy and obtained by steam distillation for 3 h (S. officinalis and S. sclarea) and 7 h (L. nobilis) extraction time, were directly provided by “èssenziale” Azienda Agricola, San Donato in Poggio (FI), Italy. Data of collection of plants: January 2020 for L. nobilis and June 2020 for S. officinalis and S. sclarea. All plLB Broth with Agar and Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Gentamicin sulfate was purchased from Biochrom PAN-Bio-Tech GmbH (Aidenbach, Germany). Methanol, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈) were from Merck.

EOs and Hys from flowers and inflorescences of R. officinalis L. and inflorescences of L. angustifolia Mill. growing in Tuscany (San Donato in Poggio and Roccastrada, respectively), Italy and obtained by steam distillation, were directly provided by “èssenziale” Azienda Agricola, San Donato in Poggio (FI), Italy. The dates of collection of plants were: June 2020 for R. officinalis and July 2020 for L. angustifolia. Lysogeny Broth (LB) with agar, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), vinblastine sulfate, methanol, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈) were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Gentamicin sulfate was bought from Biochrom PAN-Bio-Tech GmbH (Aidenbach, Germany).

The 2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), aluminum trichloride, ascorbic acid, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), food-grade ethanol (99%), gallic acid, α-glucosidase from S. cerevisiae, p-coumaric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, quercetin, sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), and Trolox were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sintra, Portugal). Acetonitrile was purchased from Fischer Scientific (Oeiras, Portugal). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈) were purchased from Merck (Algés, Portugal).
The standards of vitexin, diosmetin, isoschaftoside, orientin, viexin-2-O-rhamnoside (Extrasynthése, Genay, France), tricin, luteolin, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, gentisic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzalhedyde, syringic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) were used as external standards for calibration curves in LC-ESI-UHR-QqTOF-MS.