Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate tween 80

Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) was purchased from Gibco^® Life Technology (Grand Island, NY, USA). Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) were obtained from J&K^® (Shanghai, China). Soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC) and cholesterol were purchased from Shanghai Advanced Vehicle Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was obtained from Dojindo Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Red blood cell lysis buffer was purchased from Beyotime Biotech (Shanghai, China). LidH was purchased from Aladdin Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Protamine sulfate and rhodamine B were obtained from Sangon Biotech Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Pentobarbital sodium was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All chemicals used were of analytical grade, and water was double distilled.

Technical emamectin benzoate (technical grade active ingredient) was purchased from Hebei Veyong Bio-Chemical Co., Ltd., China. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with a Mw of 30,000–70,000 and a hydrolysis of 87–89% was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Shanghai Trading Co., Ltd. Polylactide (PLA) was purchased from NatureWorks. Calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (emulsifier 500), styryl phenol polyoxyethylene ether (emulsifier 600), alkylphenol formaldehyde resin polyoxyethylene ether (emulsifier 700), and phenylethyl phenol polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether (emulsifier 1601) were purchased from Cangzhou Hongyuan Agrochemical Co., Ltd. Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and polyethylene glycol sorbitan monostearate (Tween 60) were purchased from J&K Scientific Ltd. Sorbitan monooctadecanoate (span 60) and sorbitan (Z)-mono-9-octadecenoate (span 80), polyoxyethylene castor oil (EL-40), and aliphatic alcohol polyethylene oxide ether (AEO-9) were purchased from Haike Hong Chong Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China). The water used in all analytical experiments was Milli-Q water (18.2MΩ.cm, TOC ≤ 4 ppb) prepared with a Milli-Q Advantage A10 system (Millipore, Milford, MA, USA). Other chemical reagents were of analytical grade and were purchased from Haike Hong Chong Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China).

Curcumin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) Triglycerol monolaurate was provided by Jinan Dowin Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Jinan, China). Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and lecithin were obtained from J&K Scientific Ltd. (Beijing, China). Food-grade olive oil (Andalusia extra virgin) and linseed oil (Chu Cui) were obtained from COFCO Corporation (Beijing, China). Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT, batch number IOI00001) were obtained from Beijing Innochem Science & Technology co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). All the chemicals were used as received without further purification unless otherwise stated.
Simulated gastric fluid (SGF) was prepared by dissolving NaCl (2.0 g) and HCl (7 mL) in deionized water; more deionized water was then added to make the final volume up to 1 L. The pH of the final solution was tested and adjusted to 1.2 using 0.2 mol/L NaOH or 0.2 mol/L HCl solution. Simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) was prepared by dissolving KH₂PO₄ (6.8 g) in 500 mL deionized water, followed by adding 0.9 g NaOH. The well-mixed solution was then topped up with deionized water to 1 L, and the pH was tested and adjusted to 6.8 using 0.2 mol/L NaOH or 0.2 mol/L HCl solution.