1 2 dioctanoyl sn glycerol dic 8

One-year old grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), were obtained from local wholesale market and maintained in well-aerated water in 250 l aquaria at 20°C under a 12-h light:12-h dark photoperiod for at least 14 days prior to experimentation. During the process of tissue sampling and hepatocyte preparation, the fish was anesthetized in MS222 (0.05%; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and spinosectomized according to the protocol approved by the Committee for Animal Use at the University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong). Human glucagon and pharmacological agents for signaling targets/kinases, including forskolin, MDL12330A, H89, GF109203X, TPA, PD98059, SCH772984, Ly294002, API-2, rapamycin, N-6-benzoyladenoxine-3′,5′-cAMP (6Bnz-cAMP), 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-3′,5′-cAMP (8cpt-cAMP), and 2-aminoethoxy-diphenyl borate (2-APB) were acquired from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA), while chelerythrine, 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DiC-8), actinomycin D and cycloheximide were obtained from Sigma and edelfosine and 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2′-O-methyladenosine-3′,5′-cAMP (8cpt-2Me-cAMP) were purchased from Tocris (Ellisville, MO). For transfection studies, the expression vector for mouse HNF1α and HNF1α reporter pGL₃.HNF1α.Luc carrying tandem repeats of HBE sites in its 5′ promoter were procured from Yeasen Biotech (Shanghai, China).