Silibinin

Eriodictyol (≥98%) was provided by Nanjing Guangrun Biological Products Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Silibinin (≥98%) and D-galactosamine (D-GalN) were provided by Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (055: B5) was bought from Sigma (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). The assay kits for ALT, AST, AKP, γ-GT, CHE, TP, and ALB were supplied by Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China), while SOD, MDA, and GSH were provided by Solarbio, (Beijing, China). The tunnel assay kit was purchased from Wuhan Servicebio, (Wuhan, China), and ELISA kits were purchased from FANKEWEI (Shanghai, China) used for measuring mice IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α.

Silibinin and obeticholic acid were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (purity ≥ 98%). Methionine- and choline-deficient feed (MCD) and whole nutrient control feed (MCS) were purchased from Trophic Animal Feed High-Tech Co., Ltd, China (Jiangsu, China). Methanol, acetonitrile, isopropanol, methyl tert-butyl ether (chromatographic pure, Merck), ammonium formate, methylene chloride (MS pure, Fisher), formic acid, acetic acid, and ammonium acetate (chromatographic pure, Sigma–Aldrich); Standard 12:0 Lyso PC, Cer (d18:1/4:0), PC (13:0/13:0), DG (12:0/12:0), TG (17:0/17:0/17:0) were purchased from Avanti/zzstandard; 50 bile acid standards were purchased from CNW/IsoReag; the buffer Phusion^® High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix with GC Buffer was purchased from New England Biolabs, and RNaseA (RNaseA) was purchased from Promega. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) test kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Institute of Bioengineering (Nanjing, China). TRIzol was purchased from Invitrogen Corporation (Carlsbad, CA, USA). The reverse transcription kit ReverTra Ace qPCR RT Master Mix with gDNA Remover kit was purchased from Toyobo Toyobo Co., Ltd. (Life Science Department OSAKA JAPAN). The SYBR Green I fluorescent quantitative PCR kit was purchased from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA).

Silibinin (purity ≥98% by HPLC) and capsaicin (purity ≥98% by HPLC) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, United States). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, from Escherichia coli O111:B4) and 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) dye were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). Antibodies against COX-2 (12282S), p-JNK (9251S), p-ERK (9101S), ERK (9102S), p-p38 (9211S), p38 (9212S), and p65 (8242S) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, United States). The IL-6 (mouse) ELISA Kit and murine TNF-α Pre-Coated ELISA kit were purchased from Cayman Chemical Co., Ltd. (Ann Arbor, MI, United States). The Griess reagent (modified) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. NE-PER Nuclear Extraction Kit was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA, United States).