In 2011 and 2012, light penetration was measured at three regions, in the middle region of the tree rows, under the tree of east canopy and west canopy above wheat using a SunScan Canopy Analysis System (Delta-T Devices, Cambridge, UK). The 64 light sensors of the SunScan measured individual levels of PAR, which were transmitted to a PDA and expressed as μmol·m−2·s−1. SunScan readings were taken when the sky was clear to avoid the interference of clouds at the filling stage. One measurement was performed every two hours from 09:00 to 19:00.
Sunscan canopy analysis system
Manufactured by Delta-T Devices
Sourced in United Kingdom
The SunScan Canopy Analysis System is a tool designed to measure the light interception and extinction within plant canopies. It provides quantitative data on the canopy structure, including leaf area index (LAI) and fractional interception of photosynthetically active radiation (fIPAR).
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6 protocols using sunscan canopy analysis system
1
Light Penetration in Wheat Canopy
2
Measuring Plant Nitrogen and Photosynthesis
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Plant N concentration was determined by the micro-Kjeldahl method (Ozer, 2003 ). Apparent recovery nitrogen use efficiency (ARNUE) was evaluated (Li et al., 2014 (link)):
Where, NUfi: N uptake of fertilized plants (kg ha−1), NUf0: N uptake of unfertilized plants (kg ha−1), Nf: N fertilizer applied (kg ha−1).
Photosynthetic rate of the topmost, the middle, and the lowest leaf of intact plants was measured from 09:30 to 11:00 using Li-6400 (Li-COR Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA) under a light intensity of 1,500 mol m−2 s−2. Measurements for leaf photosynthesis were started at bud stage (BBCH 20) and performed with 14 days intervals until the onset of flowering (BBCH 60). Light interception refers to the amount of solar radiation intercepted by foliage and other green tissues. Light interception was measured using a SunScan Canopy Analysis System (Delta-T Devices Ltd., UK), during the growing season until the onset of flowering (BBCH 20–60), between 11:00 and 15:00. To measure intercepted light, 1 m probe was set perpendicular to soil surface and two measurements were recorded above the canopy and two measurements below the canopy, with a third below-canopy measurement in low-density plots. Light interception was calculated as (Liu et al., 2012 ):
Where, NUfi: N uptake of fertilized plants (kg ha−1), NUf0: N uptake of unfertilized plants (kg ha−1), Nf: N fertilizer applied (kg ha−1).
Photosynthetic rate of the topmost, the middle, and the lowest leaf of intact plants was measured from 09:30 to 11:00 using Li-6400 (Li-COR Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA) under a light intensity of 1,500 mol m−2 s−2. Measurements for leaf photosynthesis were started at bud stage (BBCH 20) and performed with 14 days intervals until the onset of flowering (BBCH 60). Light interception refers to the amount of solar radiation intercepted by foliage and other green tissues. Light interception was measured using a SunScan Canopy Analysis System (Delta-T Devices Ltd., UK), during the growing season until the onset of flowering (BBCH 20–60), between 11:00 and 15:00. To measure intercepted light, 1 m probe was set perpendicular to soil surface and two measurements were recorded above the canopy and two measurements below the canopy, with a third below-canopy measurement in low-density plots. Light interception was calculated as (Liu et al., 2012 ):
3
Measuring Leaf Area and Radiation Use Efficiency
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The Leaf area was measured on 20 plants in each plot at the bolting stage using a leaf area-meter (Li-3100c, Li-COR Inc., USA). The leaf area index (LAI) was defined as the ratio of total one-sided leaf area to ground surface area52 . The pod area was measured on 20 plants in each plot 30 days after the end of flowering according to the formula: (where h1 = 0.8 H, h2 = 0.2 H, H is pod length and d is pod width)53 . The pod area index (PAI) was defined as the ratio of total pod area to ground surface area. Canopy radiation interception was measured using a SunScan Canopy Analysis System (Delta-T Devices Ltd., UK) at the seedling, wintering, bolting, flowering, pod-filling and maturity stages as suggested by Wang et al. (2015), with some modification54 . Canopy radiation interception was calculated as [100 × (incoming radiation intensity– radiation intensity inside canopy)/incoming radiation intensity]. Intercepted radiation was calculated as [1/2 × (canopy radiation interception at the beginning of the growth period + canopy light interception at the end of the growth period) × accumulated incoming radiation during the growth period]55 . The radiation use efficiency (RUE) was calculated as the ratio of above-ground total dry weight at maturity to intercepted radiation during the entire growing season52 .
4
Biomass and LAI of S. capitata under warming
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Above ground biomass of S. capitata plants grown under ambient and +2°C warming was sampled after 30 days of treatments. Harvested material was oven dried at 60°C until constant weight (~48 h). The leaf area index (LAI) of the ambient and warmed plots were measured with a SunScan Canopy Analysis System (Delta-T Devices, UK).
5
Soil Temperature and Photosynthesis Monitoring
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A soil temperature sensor (HZTJ1-1) was buried in each experimental plot to monitor the temperature of each soil layer (5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm and 25 cm depth). The transmission of photosynthetically active radiation was measured from 11:00 to 13:00 by using a SunScan Canopy Analysis System (Delta T Devices, Ltd., Cambridge, UK), and data during the crop-growing season were recorded every day24 (link).
Plant measurements were taken during the periods of tillering to ripening on days with no wind and good light. The fluorescence parameters were measured by a portable fluorescence measurement system (Li-6400XT, America). The detection light intensity was 1500 μmol m−2 s−1, and the saturated pulsed light intensity was 7200 μmolm−2 s−1. The functional leaves were dark adapted for 30 min, and then the maximum photosynthetic efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) was measured. Photochemical quenching (QP) and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) were measured with natural light. Simultaneously, the leaf chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) was monitored using SPAD 502 (Konica Minolta, Inc., Tokyo, Japan). For plant agronomic characteristics, the distance from the stem base to the stem tip was measured with a straight ruler to quantify plant height24 (link).
Plant measurements were taken during the periods of tillering to ripening on days with no wind and good light. The fluorescence parameters were measured by a portable fluorescence measurement system (Li-6400XT, America). The detection light intensity was 1500 μmol m−2 s−1, and the saturated pulsed light intensity was 7200 μmolm−2 s−1. The functional leaves were dark adapted for 30 min, and then the maximum photosynthetic efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) was measured. Photochemical quenching (QP) and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) were measured with natural light. Simultaneously, the leaf chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) was monitored using SPAD 502 (Konica Minolta, Inc., Tokyo, Japan). For plant agronomic characteristics, the distance from the stem base to the stem tip was measured with a straight ruler to quantify plant height24 (link).
6
Measuring Microalgae and Fiddler Crab Abundance
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We measured the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) above the plant canopy and 10 cm above the soil in each plot using a SunScan Canopy Analysis System (Delta-T Devices Ltd.) on 1-6 dates during each growing season from 2013 to 2017 (Table S2) and calculated the proportion of light penetrating the canopy. PAR data from this study are available online (Li, 2017) . We estimated the abundance of green algae, diatoms and cyanobacteria using an in situ fluorimetric probe (bbe-Moldaenke GmbH BenthoTorch, Schwentinentel, Germany). Measurements were taken monthly from February 2016 to December 2017 (Table S2). The probe uses spectral analysis to estimate the abundance of these three microalgal groups in surface sediments (Echenique-Subiabre et al., 2016) .
We averaged four readings from each plot to give a single value per plot per date. Microalgal data from this study are available online (Craft, 2015) (link). The only abundant benthic macro-invertebrate at the study site was the fiddler crab Minuca minax (=Uca minax).
We counted fiddler crab burrows (>0.5 cm in diameter) in a 0.75 by 0.5 m 2 quadrat in each plot in spring and fall of 2014, 2015 and 2016 (Table S2). Burrows are a good non-destructive proxy for crab abundance (Angelini et al., 2015) . Fiddler crab burrow data from this study are available online (Angelini, 2018) .
We averaged four readings from each plot to give a single value per plot per date. Microalgal data from this study are available online (Craft, 2015) (link). The only abundant benthic macro-invertebrate at the study site was the fiddler crab Minuca minax (=Uca minax).
We counted fiddler crab burrows (>0.5 cm in diameter) in a 0.75 by 0.5 m 2 quadrat in each plot in spring and fall of 2014, 2015 and 2016 (Table S2). Burrows are a good non-destructive proxy for crab abundance (Angelini et al., 2015) . Fiddler crab burrow data from this study are available online (Angelini, 2018) .
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