Finally, the dose response of the dosimeter bands was evaluated using a clinical linac to assess its potential use in a clinical environment. Three dosimeter bands were placed in series, with 2 cm of overlap between them to fully cover a 24 cm wide treatment field. The dosimeters were protected from light by thick black tape, which was removed for readout. They were then placed under 5 cm-thick solid water and exposed to 6 MV X-ray at 95 cm SSD. Dose was modulated by sequentially opening leaves from the multileaf collimator (MLC), yielding a 12-step staircase dose distribution ranging from 1.02 Gy to 9.36 Gy. To validate the dosimetric performance of the dosimeter bands, a single Gafchromic film (Ashland) was placed under the dosimeters and read out using a film scanner (Epson Expression 10000XL, 300 dpi, 48 bits per pixel). The scanned images were evaluated with ImageJ using the red channel only for larger dynamic range25 (link).
Gafchromic film
Manufactured by Ashland
Sourced in United States
Gafchromic films are radiation-sensitive films used for dosimetry applications. They are designed to measure and record radiation exposure levels. The films change color in proportion to the absorbed radiation dose, providing a visual indication of the radiation exposure.
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Lab products found in correlation
7 protocols using gafchromic film
1
Dosimeter Bands for Clinical Radiotherapy
2
Managing Metal Artifact in Radiotherapy
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The CT artifacts caused by the metal-ports are managed using two density override strategies at our institution. The first strategy (hereafter called RS1) consists of identifying the metal by adjusting the image window-level to display only the brightest region, assumed occupied by the metal port. Subsequently, a contour is delineated enclosing the artifact and the density of surrounding voxels is set to unity. The second strategy (hereafter called RS2) consists of registering rigidly a geometry template with the dimensions, materials, and densities from the corresponding metal-ports obtained from the vendor; the density of voxels outside the port geometry is set to unity. Both strategies were compared using Collapsed Cone Convolution (CCC) version 5.5 in RayStation version 11A, and TOPAS Monte Carlo simulations. The resolution of the dose grid for RayStation and TOPAS calculations was 2 x 2 x 2 mm3. Calculated results were compared with Gafchromic film (Ashland Inc.) measurements using two irradiation setups as described below.
3
Verifying EOS System Radiation Field
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The radiation field of the EOS System was captured by placing gafchromic film (Ashland, USA) sensitive to general radiology dose range (0.1–20 cGy) within the imaging field, on the covers of the EOS System closest to the detector. Both dimensions of the radiation field were compared against the respective values indicated by the system for the purposes of ensuring that radiation and image field sizes coincide, using a tolerance of ±1 cm (at reference source‐to‐image distance of 1 m).9
4
Proton Irradiation of DNA Origami
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DNA origami and plasmid DNA samples were irradiated with 30 MeV protons produced by the U-120M isochronous cyclotron at the Center of Accelerators and Nuclear Analytical Methods (CANAM) of the Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, the details of which are described elsewhere.25 (link) Liquid samples (14 μL, 20–30 ng μL−1 DNA) were irradiated in polypropylene microtubes with the conical tip placed within the width of the beam. Dry samples of DNA origami on Si were fixed on plastic petridishes and oriented facing the beam using a dedicated holder. In the low-dose regime (5–20 Gy), a dose rate of 4 Gy min−1 was used and at higher absorbed doses (50–200 Gy), the rate was increased to 50 Gy min−1. At these higher absorbed doses, the liquid samples were immediately transferred to nonirradiated tubes to avoid potential sample contamination from activated tubes. NE 2581 ionization chamber (Nuclear Enterprises Ltd, UK) was positioned at the sample holder to monitor the doses and dose rates delivered. Before the irradiation, the homogeneity of the beam at the sample position was verified using Gafchromic films (XR-RV3, Ashland, USA) irradiated by doses of ∼10 Gy.
5
4DCT Phantom Dosimetry and Motion
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Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) scans of a dynamic thorax phantom were acquired. Three motion patterns (one-dimensional and three-dimensional) of different range were investigated. Monte Carlo dose distributions were generated with 4DCT-derived internal target volume (ITV) with a treatment-specific setup margin for 12.6 Gy/3 fractions. Six-dimensional error correction was performed by kV stereoscopic imaging of the phantom's spine. Dosimetric effects of intrafractional tumor motion were assessed with Gafchromic films (Ashland Inc, Wayne, NJ, USA) according to 1) the percent measurement dose points having doses above the prescribed (P > Dpres ), mean (P > Dm ), and minimum (P > Dmin ) ITV doses, and 2) the coefficient of variation (CV).
6
GafChromic Film Dosimetry Protocol
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This protocol is designed for the analysis of GafChromic films (Ashland Inc., Bridgewater, NJ, USA). In radiation therapy, GafChromic EBT3 and EBT-XD films are recommended. The difference between EBT3 and EBT-XD films lies in the length of the needles of the active component. EBT-XD needles are shorter, which leads to less darkening for the same absorbed dose and to higher saturation doses. Therefore, EBT-XD films are recommended for higher doses. EBT3 films can be used for applications with doses in the range of 0.01–20 Gy. However, for doses larger than 10 Gy and up to 40 Gy, EBT-XD films are preferred.10 (link)
EBT3 and EBT-XD films are considered energy independent for MV photon beams. However, they under-respond to photon energies lower than 100 keV8 (link), and exhibit LET dependence for protons.10 (link)
In kV X-rays applications, such as dose measurements in interventional radiology or IORT11 (link), XR-RV3 films should be used instead. In the energy range of these applications, films are strongly energy dependent and should be calibrated for each energy in use.12 (link)
EBT3 and EBT-XD films are considered energy independent for MV photon beams. However, they under-respond to photon energies lower than 100 keV8 (link), and exhibit LET dependence for protons.10 (link)
In kV X-rays applications, such as dose measurements in interventional radiology or IORT11 (link), XR-RV3 films should be used instead. In the energy range of these applications, films are strongly energy dependent and should be calibrated for each energy in use.12 (link)
7
Elemental Analysis of Spine Fixation Device
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A spine fixation device, shown in Fig. 1(a) , was utilized in this study. A sample of the device was sent to and analyzed by the University of New South Wales Analytical Centre, using the laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) technique to determine the elemental composition by weight.
An in‐house water phantom was constructed to fix the device in water and allow the Gafchromic films (Ashland Inc., Covington KY) to be inserted in the sagittal and frontal orientations, as shown inFigs. 1(b) and (c) . The phantom acts as a surrogate for the spinal region of a patient.
The phantom was scanned with a Philips Brilliance Big Bore CT scanner (Philips Health Care, Cleveland, OH). Images were acquired with 16‐bit depth at 50 mAs, 120 kVp, with133 × 133 mm 2 1024 × 1024 pixels ∼ 0.13 × 0.13 mm 2
An in‐house water phantom was constructed to fix the device in water and allow the Gafchromic films (Ashland Inc., Covington KY) to be inserted in the sagittal and frontal orientations, as shown in
The phantom was scanned with a Philips Brilliance Big Bore CT scanner (Philips Health Care, Cleveland, OH). Images were acquired with 16‐bit depth at 50 mAs, 120 kVp, with
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