LaCl3 (1 mM; Acros), 500 µM DPI (DPI, Sigma Aldrich) or 500 µM DCMU (Sigma Aldrich) solutions were made in deionized water and contained in addition 0.2% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma Aldrich) and 0.1% (v/v) Tween-20 (Sigma Aldrich). Half of the surface of the leaf was submerged in LaCl3 solution for 18 h prior to the experiment. DPI and DCMU were sprayed on the leaf surface 30 min prior to the experiment. DPI was used on half of the surface of the leaf and DCMU was used on a smaller area in the center of the leaf. For control experiments, a mock solution that contained only DMSO and Tween-20 was used. The concentrations of agents were chosen based on the literature and adjusted to our particular experimental design.
Lacl3
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
LaCl3 is a chemical compound consisting of lanthanum and chlorine. It is a white crystalline solid that is commonly used in various laboratory applications, such as serving as a source of lanthanum ions in analytical techniques.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Tween 20, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Calpeptin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Z vrpr fmk, by Enzo Life Sciences (1 mentions)
Lactacystin, by Adipogen (1 mentions)
Wortmannin, by LC Laboratories (1 mentions)
Mg132, by Enzo Life Sciences (1 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Avantor (1 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Avantor (1 mentions)
Purity tu machine, by Avantor (1 mentions)
K2so4, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Mgcl2 6h2o, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Avantor (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Avantor (1 mentions)
Ammonium hydroxide, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Eucl3, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
6 protocols using lacl3
1
Leaf Treatment with LaCI3, DPI, and DCMU
2
Heat-Induced Programmed Cell Death
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Prior to experiments, flasks of 100 ml of 7-day-old dark-grown suspension cells were examined for viability. The flasks showing >95% viability were pooled together to ensure use of homogenous biological material for experiments. Heat treatments were performed in Grant OSL200 water bath set to 85 rpm using 100 ml of aliquots of suspension cells in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks (PCD induction, 54°C for 10 min; sublethal stress, 33°C for 10 min). To inhibit PCD, cells were pre-incubated with 750 µM LaCl3 (Acros Organics) for 30 min in the dark prior to HS treatment.
3
Inhibitor Screening for Mechano-Signaling
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The protocol followed was the same as described above for RALF1 and mechanical stimulation, but seedlings were pre-incubated with one of the following inhibitors for the indicated amount of time: 2 μM concanamycin A (1 h pre-incubation; BioViotica), 30 μM wortmannin (30 min preincubation; LC Laboratories), 30 μM endosidin 9-17 (30 min pre-incubation; Carbosynth Ltd.), 50 μM MG132 (30 min pre-incubation; Enzo), 25 μM lactacystin (30 min pre-incubation; AdipoGen), 20 μM calpeptin (30 min pre-incubation; Sigma-Aldrich), 20 μM ALLN (30 min pre-incubation; MilliporeSigma), 50 μM Z-VRPR-fmk (30 min pre-incubation; Enzo), 10 μM MALT1 Inhibitor I (30 min pre-incubation; EMD Millipore Corp), and 300 μM LaCl 3 (in phosphate free ¼ MS and 1% sucrose; 15 min pre-incubation; Acros).
4
Characterization of Boron Nitride Nanosheets
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Trimethyl borate (B(OMe)3) was
purchased from ACROS Organics. NH3 (Linde), N2 (Merck), and Ar (Merck) gases were used. The salt concentration
during the measurements was adjusted by analytical-grade salts such
as NaCl, KCl, CsCl, MgCl2·6H2O, K2SO4, K3[Fe(CN)6] (VWR), and LaCl3 (Alfa Aesar), and they were used without further purification.
The pH of the suspensions was adjusted by HCl (VWR) and NaOH (VWR).
All measurements were carried out at 25 °C and a pH value of
7.0 ± 0.5, unless otherwise noted. High-purity water obtained
from the VWR Purity TU + machine was used for all sample preparations.
Water and all of the prepared salt solutions were filtered with a
0.1 μm syringe filter (Millex) prior to use to avoid dust contamination.
The concentration of the BNNS particles was always kept at 5 mg/L
in the light scattering measurements.
purchased from ACROS Organics. NH3 (Linde), N2 (Merck), and Ar (Merck) gases were used. The salt concentration
during the measurements was adjusted by analytical-grade salts such
as NaCl, KCl, CsCl, MgCl2·6H2O, K2SO4, K3[Fe(CN)6] (VWR), and LaCl3 (Alfa Aesar), and they were used without further purification.
The pH of the suspensions was adjusted by HCl (VWR) and NaOH (VWR).
All measurements were carried out at 25 °C and a pH value of
7.0 ± 0.5, unless otherwise noted. High-purity water obtained
from the VWR Purity TU + machine was used for all sample preparations.
Water and all of the prepared salt solutions were filtered with a
0.1 μm syringe filter (Millex) prior to use to avoid dust contamination.
The concentration of the BNNS particles was always kept at 5 mg/L
in the light scattering measurements.
5
Synthesis of La1-xEuxOCl Catalysts
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The La1–xEuxOCl (where x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, or 1)
catalyst materials under study
were prepared by dissolving lanthanum(III) chloride hydrate (LaCl3·xH2O, Alfa Aesar, >99.9%)
and/or europium(III) chloride hydrate (EuCl3·xH2O, Alfa Aesar, >99.9%) in ethanol (absolute,
VWR), followed by precipitation using stoichiometric amounts of ammonium
hydroxide (Fisher Scientific, 25% in H2O) at room temperature.
After the dropwise addition, the precipitates were stirred for an
additional hour and subsequently centrifuged to obtain the gel. Then,
the obtained gel was washed with ethanol (absolute, VWR) and dried
at 80 °C in air. Lastly, the dried solids were calcined in a
static oven at 500 °C for 3 h using a ramp rate of 5 °C/min.
catalyst materials under study
were prepared by dissolving lanthanum(III) chloride hydrate (LaCl3·xH2O, Alfa Aesar, >99.9%)
and/or europium(III) chloride hydrate (EuCl3·xH2O, Alfa Aesar, >99.9%) in ethanol (absolute,
VWR), followed by precipitation using stoichiometric amounts of ammonium
hydroxide (Fisher Scientific, 25% in H2O) at room temperature.
After the dropwise addition, the precipitates were stirred for an
additional hour and subsequently centrifuged to obtain the gel. Then,
the obtained gel was washed with ethanol (absolute, VWR) and dried
at 80 °C in air. Lastly, the dried solids were calcined in a
static oven at 500 °C for 3 h using a ramp rate of 5 °C/min.
6
Synthesis of Colourless Powder via High-Pressure High-Temperature Method
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The title compound was prepared by high‐pressure high‐temperature synthesis using LaCl3 (Alfa Aesar, 99.99 %). The reaction conditions of either 7 GPa and 750 °C or 9 GPa and 950 °C were achieved with a hydraulic 1000 t press (Voggenreiter, Mainleus, Germany) applying the multianvil technique. An h‐BN crucible of the 18/11‐assembly size (cavity diameter=1.6 mm, cavity depth=2.3 mm) was loaded with the starting materials in a glovebox (<1 ppm H2O, <1 ppm O2). The crucible was placed inside an 18/11‐assembly sized octahedron consisting of Cr2O3‐substituted (6 %) MgO (Ceramic Substrates & Components, Isle of Wight, U.K.). Eight tungsten carbide (with 7 % Co) cubes (Hawedia, Marklkofen, Germany) with truncated edges (edge length=11 mm) were used as anvils. The sample was first pressurized then heated with 7.75 K min−1 and 300 min dwell time at 750 or 950 °C. Additional information regarding high‐pressure/high‐temperature synthesis can be found in literature.28 The product was obtained as a colourless powder, which was washed with H2O to remove residual LiCl and NH4Cl.
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