Milli q deionized di water

All chemicals were of reagent-grade or higher. All stock and working solutions were prepared using Milli-Q deionized (DI) water (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) with a measured resistance of 18.2 MΩ·cm. Copper chloride, 2-amino-5,6,7-trimethyl-1,8-naphthyridine (ATMND), sodium pyrophosphate decahydrate, inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase), human serum albumin (HSA), and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Potassium chloride and sodium hydroxide were acquired from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, USA). Agarose and gel electrophoresis TAE buffer (including Tris base, acetic acid, and EDTA) were purchased from Bersing Technology (Hsinchu, Taiwan). Two DNA sequences (DNAzyme: 5′-CAA AAG AAT TTT TTC TTT CTC CGG GTC CGG CCC GG-3′; AP site DNA: 5′-CCG _GC CGG CAT AAT CTT TCT TCG A-3′) were obtained from MDBio (Taipei, Taiwan).

Calcium chloride dihydrate, sodium carbonate (anhydrous), iron(III) chloride hexahydrateiron(II), chloride tetrahydrate, sodium hydroxide, tannic acid (TA), bovine serum albumin (BSA, lyophilized powder) and TRITC-conjugated BSA, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), citric acid, glycyl alcohol, ethanol, mitoxantrone (Mit), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (high glucose), Bradford reagent, phosphate buffer solution (PBS), citric acid, glycyl alcohol, trypsin (from porcine pancreas, ~1500 U/mg), pepsin (from porcine gastric mucosa, ≥2400 U/mg), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (≥99.8%), and sodium citrate were purchased from SigmaAldrich (Germany, Taufkirchen). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Gibco (Waltham, MA, USA). AlamarBlue was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).
Millipore Milli-Q deionized (DI) water (18.2 MΩ·cm) was used in all sets of experiments.

The commercially available polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate Wannate PM-200 (PAPI) with an average functionality of 2.6–2.7 was purchased via local supplier from Yantai Wanhua Polyurethanes (Yantai, China). N-octadecane paraffin (90%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany). Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was purchased from CelluForce (Montreal, QC, Canada). Nile Red dye, 4,N,N-Trimethylaniline (TMA, 99%), and toluene (≥99.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). All of the reagents were used without further purification.
Millipore Milli Q deionized (DI) water (18.2 MΩ·cm) was used in all sets of experiments requiring an aqueous medium, or preparation of aqueous solutions.