Mc 580

Height measurements were taken barefoot using a stadiometer (SECA, Germany) with a precision of 0.01 mm, while body weights were measured using a body composition analyzer, TANITA MC-580, with a precision of 0.1 kg. Body composition measurements, including body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (kg), body fat percentage (%), lean body mass (kg), lean body percentage (%), waist-to-height ratio, and visceral fat score, were analyzed using a Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) device, and the waist-to-height ratio measurement reported by the Tanita MC-580 was accepted as within the healthy range between 0.4 and 0.49. However, the range of 0.5 to 0.59 is considered indicative of health risks associated with high body weight, while 0.6 or higher is assessed as a higher risk of health issues [14 (link)]. Tanita displays the visceral fat percentage scale from 1 to 59. A range of 1–12 indicates healthy levels of visceral fats, 13 and above is indicative of excess visceral fat and potential health risks. During the classification of obesity, the criteria for BMI value were considered in accordance with the World Health Organization’s classification. According to these criteria, BMI values of 30 kg/m² and above were classified as first-degree obesity, 35 kg/m² and above as second-degree obesity, and 40 kg/m² and above as third-degree obesity [15 ].

The presence and the stage of sarcopenia will be determined following the recommendations provided by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2) [2 (link)]. Accordingly, muscle strength will be determined through repeating sit-to-stand test five times, with a cut-off point higher than 15 s representing probable sarcopenia. Then, sarcopenia will be confirmed by appendicular skeletal muscle mass with a cut-off point lower than 20 and 15 kg for men and women, respectively. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass will be determined using bioelectrical impedance analysis (TANITA MC-580, Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Resistance index and reactance values will be used in the validated equation developed by Sergi et al. [22 (link)] as recommended by the EWGSOP2 [2 (link)]. Low physical performance will be assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery test (SPPB) [23 (link)]. A score lower than 9 points will be indicative of low function and, therefore, severe sarcopenia. The EWGSOP2 recommends this tool for assessing the degree of severity of sarcopenia [2 (link)].

Body composition will be assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) with a wireless body composition monitor (Tanita MC-580, Tanita Corp.; Tokyo, Japan). The participants will be asked to fast for 3 h before the data assessment, to void their bladder immediately before the assessment, and to wear only light sport clothing (≤1 kg). Participants will be asked to stand barefoot on the metal plates of the machine, while being guided by the research assistant to ensure optimal contact according to the device manufacturer’s instructions. The MC-580 is also able to assess body weight, which will be measured to the nearest 0.1 kg. With shoes off, each child will stand against a stadiometer with the back erect and shoulders relaxed. Body height will be taken to the nearest 0.1 cm. Sex-specific height or length-for-age and weight-for-age z scores will be computed from the CDC/WHO growth reference data [47 (link)].