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Polyclonal rabbit anti th

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Polyclonal rabbit anti-TH is a laboratory reagent used to detect and quantify the presence of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein in various biological samples. It is produced by immunizing rabbits with TH, resulting in a mixture of antibodies that can recognize multiple epitopes on the TH protein.

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10 protocols using polyclonal rabbit anti th

1

Immunohistochemical Analysis of MPTP-Induced Neurodegeneration

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Three days after the last administration of MPTPp, the mice were anesthetized with chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg i.p.), transcardially perfused with 4 % PFA in PB (0.1 M, pH 7.4), and their brains removed and used for immunohistochemistry. Coronal sections (40 μm thick) were cut on a vibratome. Free-floating sections were incubated overnight with TH antibody (polyclonal rabbit anti-TH, 1:1000, Millipore, USA).
The primary antibody was prepared in PBS plus Triton solution containing normal goat serum. After careful washing, the sections were incubated in proper biotinylated secondary antibody (Vector, UK). For visualization, avidin-peroxidase protocol (ABC, Vector, UK) was applied, using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (Sigma, Italy) as chromogen. After washing, the sections were mounted on gelatin-coated slides, air-dried, dehydrated in ascending concentrations of ethanol, and cleared with xylene [67 (link)].
Adjacent SNc sections were stained with cresyl violet for the Nissl staining to evaluate cell death in this area. For TH and cresyl-violet-stained cells immunohistochemistry in the SNc, three sections were sampled (anterior–posterior: −2.92 to −3.28 mm from bregma) according to the atlas of Paxinos and Franklin 2001. For each mouse, three sections from the striatum (anterior-posterior: 1.10 mm to 0.62 mm from bregma) were analyzed for TH.
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2

Brain Tissue Preparation for Immunohistochemistry

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After the mouse experiments were completed, the animals were euthanized by injection of 100 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital and then transcardially perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains were post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and cryoprotected in 30% sucrose and then sectioned using a cryostat. Brain slices were mounted and stained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; polyclonal rabbit anti-TH, 1:500) (Millipore, Temecula, CA). Sections were imaged using an Olympus Systems VS120 microscope (Figure 1).
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3

Quantifying Dopamine Neuron Depletion in Mice

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After the completion of the experiments, mice were euthanized by injections of 100 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital, and transcardially perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains were post fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and cryoprotected in 30% sucrose before sectioning in a cryostat. Brain slices were mounted and stained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; polyclonal rabbit anti-TH, 1:500; Millipore, Temecula, CA) and cell bodies using DAPI. Histological reconstruction was completed using post mortem analysis of lesion, electrode placement in the striatum, and cell concentration in the substantia nigra. Images were captured on Zeiss Apotome.2 Axio Imager and cells in the substantia nigra were counted using the optical fractionator in Stereo Investigator for dopamine depletion quantification and analysis.
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4

Multimodal Examination of Neuroinflammation

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Mice were anesthetized and transcardially perfused with paraformaldehyde (4% in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4). For each immunohistochemical evaluation, three sections of 50 μm from the CPu (A: 1.10 mm; 0.74 mm; 0.38 mm from bregma) and SNc (A: −2.92 mm; −3.28 mm; −3.64 mm from bregma) were cut coronally on a vibratome. All coordinates were relative to bregma, according to the mouse brain atlas of Paxinos and Franklin (2008 ). Then, sections were incubated overnight at 4°C with the primary antibody (polyclonal rabbit anti-TH, 1:1000, Millipore, Temecula, CA, USA; monoclonal mouse anti-GFAP, 1:400, Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy; monoclonal rat anti-mouse CD11b, 1:1000, Serotec, Oxford, UK). For diaminobenzidine visualization of TH, GFAP, and CD11b, the proper biotinylated secondary antibody (goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) for TH; goat anti-mouse IgG for GFAP; goat anti-rat IgG for CD11b, all from Vector, Peterborough, UK) was used and the avidin–biotin–peroxidase complex protocol (ABC, Vector, Peterborough, UK) was followed (Costa et al., 2014 (link)). Moreover, an additional set of SNc sections was stained with Nissl staining to evaluate cell death in this area.
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5

Immunostaining Analysis of Parkinson's Markers

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For immunostaining analysis, non-specific binding was blocked with 3% bovine serum (Serotec, UK), and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in 1% BSA-PBS for 30 min. The sections were incubated at 4°C overnight with polyclonal rabbit anti-TH (1:500; Millipore, USA), monoclonal anti-α-synuclein (1 : 2000, a gift from Prof. Shun Yu), anti-CD11b (1:500; eBioscience, USA), p-NF-кB/p65 (1:1000; Chemicon, USA), polyclonal rabbit anti-Nurr1/NR4A2 (1:500; Proteintech, China) and then incubated with corresponding secondary antibodies at room temperature for 2h. The nucleus was stained by Hoechst 33342 (1µg/ml, Sigma-Aldrich, USA). We cut 100 pieces in total from anterior to posterior of the SN, and then chose six sections from each 20 pieces. Each section in the different groups was at the same level of the SN or striatum. THimmunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons were stereologically counted from anterior to posterior of the SN.
The immunofluorescent intensity of TH in the striatum was determined based on optical density analysis by Image-Pro Plus software. Quantitative analysis of positive staining (the expression of p-NF-кB-p65, IL-1β, TNFα and Nurr1 on CD11b + microglia) was determined based on number of double positive cells/mm 2 by Image-Pro Plus software. Images were taken from the same location in all animals.
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6

Tissue Homogenization and Western Blot Analysis

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After removing the brain rapidly, the tissues were separated from the brain and then homogenized on ice with a microcontent motor-operated tissue homogenizer (Kimble knots, USA) in ice-cold lysis buffer (1×PBS, 1% Nonidet P-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, and 0.1% SDS, RIPA) supplemented with protease inhibitors. Lysates were centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 20 min at 4°C, the supernatants were collected. Protein concentrations were determined by a Bradford protein assay. Equal amounts of protein (30µg) were separated by SDS-PAGE and electroblotted onto nitrocellulose filter (NC) membrane (Millipore). After non-specific antibody binding was blocked with 5% non-fat dry milk, membranes were incubated at 4°C overnight with polyclonal rabbit anti-TH (1:2000, Millipore, USA), polyclonal rabbit anti-α-synuclein (1:1000, Cayman Chemicals Company, USA), monoclonal rabbit anti-GAPDH (1:8000, Epitomics, USA). After washing in TBST, the immunoblots were incubated with horseradish peroxidaseconjugated secondary antibodies (Cell Signaling Technology) for 1h. The immunoblots were developed with an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) reagents (Millipore, USA), and measured with Quantity Software (Bio-Rad, CA). To compare protein loading, antibody directed against GAPDH was used.
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7

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Neuronal Pathways

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Sections were rinsed in PB and incubated overnight at room temperature in a primary antibody solution. The primary antibody solution consisted of polyclonal rabbit anti-TH (Millipore, 1:1500), 3% normal donkey solution (Millipore) and 0.4% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich) in 0.1M PB. For retrograde tracing we also used goat anti-CTB (List Biological Solutions, 1:10,000). After incubation in the primary antibody, sections were washed and then incubated in a secondary antibody for two hours at room temperature. We used donkey anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 568, and donkey anti-goat 488 to visualize the primary antibodies (1:250, Life Technologies). For anterograde experiments we used Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated streptavidin (1:250, Life Technologies) to visualize BDA. The sections were then mounted on Superfrost Plus microscope slides (Fisher Scientific), dehydrated and cleared, and coverslipped with DPX (Electron Microscopy Sciences). Label was observed using a Leica TCS SP8 confocal microscope or Leica DMR fluorescent microscope (Leica Microsystems).
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8

Immunohistochemistry and HPLC Analysis of Dopaminergic Markers

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MPTP-HCl was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA). Polyclonal rabbit anti-TH (cat#AB152) was purchased from EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). Monoclonal rat anti-DAT (cat# AB5990) and α-tubulin antibody (cat#AB80799) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK) and polyclonal rabbit anti-VMAT2 was a gift from Dr. Gary Miller at Emory University. Alexafluor secondary antibodies (anti-rabbit and anti-mouse) were purchased from Thermo-Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). Horseradish peroxidase conjugated secondary antibodies were purchased from Bio-Rad (Hercules CA). Biotinylated secondary antibody and 3,3-diaminobenzidine–peroxidase (DAB) including nickel enhancer for immunohistochemistry were purchased from Vector laboratories (PK-6100, SK-4100, Burlingame, CA). Monoamine standards for high performance liquid chromatography- electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) analysis for dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA). All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich or Thermo-Fisher unless specifically noted.
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9

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Neurotransmitter Systems

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Immunohistochemical experiments were performed according to the methods in our previous study [22 (link)]. Mice were deeply anesthetized by i.p. injection of pentobarbital and perfused transcardially with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), followed by ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA)/PBS. The brains were removed, postfixed in the same fixative for overnight at 4 °C and placed in 30% sucrose solution for two overnight at 4 °C. Transverse brain sections (40 μm) were made and immunostained. Primary and secondary antibodies used were listed below. Primary antibodies: polyclonal rabbit anti-TH (1:1000, Merck Millipore, A152, Germany), polyclonal sheep anti-TH (1:1000, Merck Millipore, A1542), monoclonal guinea pig anti-NET (1:2000, Frontier Institute, AB_2571810, Japan), monoclonal rabbit anti-HA-Tag (1:1000, Cell Signaling, 3724, USA), monoclonal rat anti-mCherry (1:2000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, M11217, USA), monoclonal rabbit anti-c-FOS (1:1000, Cell Signaling, 2250), and secondary antibodies: Alexa Fluor 488 and/or 546 and/or 405 (1:1000, Molecular Probes). Immunofluorescence images were obtained with a confocal laser microscope (LSM700, Carl Zeiss, Germany). Fluorescent intensity of TH or NET was quantified using Fiji (https://fiji.sc).
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10

Visualizing AAV Transduction and Dopaminergic Neurons

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To check the injected area of AAVs, direct fluorescence of RFP was observed and microphotographs were taken with a fluorescence microscope (Keyence BZ-X800, BZ-X710; Osaka, Japan). Immunofluorescent staining against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was conducted to detect dopaminergic neurons and to outline the VTA and SNc. The anti-TH IHC method is described below. (1) To verify anti-TH immunoreactivity of the infected neurons in the midbrain and (2) to investigate anti-TH immunoreactivity of their axons at target areas, we applied IHC against the RFP to enhance the relatively weak signal in addition to the anti-TH IHC. Sections were incubated with monoclonal mouse anti-RFP (1:500, MBL, Woburn, MA USA; M155–3) and polyclonal rabbit anti-TH (1:500, Merck Millipore; Burlington, MA USA: AB152) in 5% NGS in PBS/T after blocking incubation. Subsequently, sections were visualized with AF555 Goat anti-mouse IgG (1:200, Abcam; Cambridge, UK: ab150117) for RFP, and AF647 goat anti-rabbit IgG (1: 200, Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA USA: A-11012) or AF488 goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:200, Invitrogen; A-11008) for TH, respectively.
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