2 2 7 7 tetrakis n n di p methoxyphenylamine 9 9 spirobifluorene spiro ometad

Lead (II) iodide (PbI₂, 99.99%) was purchased from TCI America, while N,N dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), anhydrous ethanol, toluene, chlorobenzene, methylammonium bromide (MABr), lead (II) bromide (PbBr₂), caesium iodide (CsI), methylammonium iodide (MAI, 99.9%), and formamidinium iodide (FAI, > 98%), tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-tert-butylpyridine)cobalt(III) tris-(bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide) (FK209). were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) was obtained from Lumtec. Finally, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates (dimensions: 25 mm × 25 mm × 2.2 mm; sheet resistance: 7–8 Ω sq⁻¹), were purchased from Zhuai Kaivo, China. All chemicals were used as received.

Formamidinium iodide (FAI, > 99.5%), methylammonium chloride (MACl, > 99.5%), methylammonium bromine (MABr, > 99.5%), and 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-dip-methoxyphenylamine) 9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD, > 99.5%) are purchased from Lumtec, Taiwan, China. The SnO₂ colloid solution (15 wt%), isopropanol (IPA, > 99.5%), and acetonitrile (> 99.8%) are obtained from Alfa Aesar. N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, > 99.8%) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, > 99.9%) are achieved by Sigma-Aldrich. Li-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI), 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP), lead(II) iodide (PbI₂, 99.9%), lithium fluoride (LiF, 99.9%), ethanol, and acetone are received from Aladdin. The Ti₃AlC₂ powders are obtained from Jilin 11 Technology Co., Ltd. All the chemicals and solvents reagents are directly used without further purification.

The SnO₂ colloid precursor (tin oxide, 15% in H₂O colloidal dispersion) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. PbI₂ (99.8%) was purchased from Kanto Chemical. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO 99.8%), chlorobenzene (99.8%), N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), and isopropanol (IPA, 99.8%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (Li-TFSI, 95%), 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP, 96%), and 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N, N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD, 99%) were purchased from Lumtec. Formamidinium iodide [CH(NH₂)₂I] and methylammonium iodide (CH₃NH₃I) were obtained from Dysel. Methylammonium chloride (MACl) was purchased from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology. All chemicals and reagents were used without further purification.