Jsm 7800f scanning electron microscope

The obtained materials were characterized by the following analytical techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on a JSM-7800F scanning electron microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms were performed at 77 K using a quantachrome Autosorb-iQ2 instrument (Quantachrome, Boynton beach, FL, USA). An approximately 0.1-g sample was degassed under vacuum at 80 °C for 12 h prior to measurement. The FT-IR spectra were 50 mg of poly(DEAEMA-co-DVB) was packed into 3 mL SPE tube. The tube was first conditioned with 3 mL of MeOH and 3 mL of H₂O. After conditioning, the water sample was poured into the cartridge. The cartridge was first washed with 2 mL of MeOH/H₂O (1:1), and then the target analytes were eluted out using 2 mL of NH₃·H₂O/MeOH (1:49). The extract was evaporated to dryness under nitrogen, reconstituted in 1 mL of the initial mobile phase and then filtered for HPLC-UV analysis.

The nanostructure of the films was revealed via cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy. Samples were prepared by submersion in liquid nitrogen in which they were fractured by impact. The fractured edges were coated with gold–palladium (Au:Pd −80:20) using a Q150T ES sputter coater/turbo evaporator (Quorum Technologies Ltd., Lewes, UK), 60 s with a DC current of 12 mA. Due to the conductive properties of CBS + CNT, only CNC, CNC + BSA and CNC + sunflower were sputter-coated. These four samples were imaged with a JSM-7800F scanning electron microscope (JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Japan). Thanks are due to Dr. Einat Zelinger for technical assistance. CNC–BSA and CNC–sunflower were the only two CNC–protein films selected as illustrations of animal-based and plant-based protein.

The shape and size of the prepared FNs and FNs-Ca(II) were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using a JEM-2100 from JEOL Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). A Lambda 35 spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) was used for the analysis of the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectra of FNs and FNs-Ca(II). Fluorescence spectra were analysed by a F-2700 fluorescence spectrometer (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). An FLS 980-spectrofluorometer from Edinburgh Instruments (Edinburgh, UK) was used to measure lifetime with a 320 nm laser as the excitation source. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and zeta potential analysis were conducted using previously reported methods [15 (link)]. The microstructure and local element composition of the FNs and FNs-Ca(II) were characterized by a JSM-7800F scanning electron microscope from JEOL Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). The ¹H NMR spectra were obtained using a Bruker AV-400 analyser (Daltonics, Germany) with dimethyl-d₆ sulfoxide as the solvent.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was determined using previously published methods [30 (link)] with minor modification; briefly, the SMM samples were cut into pieces of about 5 × 5 × 2 mm in size, and the treated SMM samples were fixed in 0.1% glutaraldehyde buffer solution for 1h and in 0.2% osmium tetroxide fixation solution for 10min. After, samples were washed with phosphate buffer for 3 times (10 min/time), dehydrated with gradient ethanol solution for 10 min each (25%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%), and finally dehydrated with acetone for 10 min. The dehydrated SMM sample was placed in a 100 mL Centrifuge tube, which was frozen at −80 °C for 12 h and freeze-dried for 24 h. The freeze dried SMM sample was fixed on a bronze stub and sputtered with gold. It was then placed in a JSM-7800F scanning electron microscope (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) with a 5 kV acceleration voltage to be observed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 200 times and 1000 times magnification.

The morphology was observed using a JSM-7800F scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) at 10 kV. The specific surface area and pore characteristics were determined using a porosity analyser (Quantachrome, Boynton Beach, FL, USA). The crystalline structure was determined using an Ultima IV X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) with Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 0.15 nm) and a scan speed of 4° min⁻¹. The microcrystalline structure of graphite was characterised using a Renishaw inVia plus micro-Raman spectroscopy system (Renishaw, Wotton-under-Edge, UK). The surface groups were recorded on a Nicolet 6700 Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA).

X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was carried out to identify the phases inside the raw materials and the phase of the hydration product of the composite cementitious material. An Ultima IV X-ray Cu Kα radiation diffractometer (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) was used to collect X-ray diffractograms. We used copper target radiation and continuous scanning, with a wavelength of 0.15406 nm, a voltage of 40 KV and a current of 40 mA, 5 °/min.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG) was performed to determine the effect of the slag and phosphogypsum contents on the hydration products of composite cementitious materials. A STA 8000 thermogravimetric analyzer (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to record the loss of weight of the samples during the thermal treatment. The TG analysis was performed under inert nitrogen protection conditions, with a heating rate of 15 °C/min, a temperature range of 45–900 °C, and a N₂ flow rate of 50 mL/min.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the microstructural hydration products and micromorphological properties of the composite cementitious materials. Prior to observation, the samples were dried and gold-plated in an ion sputter coater for 2 min. The microstructure was examined under a JSM-7800F scanning electron microscope (Jeol, Tokyo, Japan) with an accelerating voltage of 2–15 kV.