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1

Quantitative Analysis of Gene Expression

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The total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen Inc., Carlsbad, CA, United States). Reverse transcription of miRNA was performed using a transcription kit (Shanghai GeneChem Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) with RNA U6 as an internal control. mRNA was detected using a reverse transcription kit (Takara Biotechnology Ltd., Dalian, Liaoning, China) with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) sequence as an internal reference for the normalization of RT-PCR. SYBR Green quantitative PCR analysis was performed using a 7500 real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR system.
The expression levels of target genes were then estimated using the 2−ΔΔCT method. 17 (link)
, 18 (link)
Primers STAT1 (#HP210040), JAK2 (#HP208201), IRF-1 (HP205934), PD-L1 (#HP210654), IFN-γ (#HP200586), NF-κB (#HP207409), Bcl-xL (#HP234144), COX-2 (#HP200900), GAPDH (#HP205798), and β-catenin (#KN208947) were purchased from OriGene Technologies (Beijing, China).
The sequence of primers is presented in table 1.
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2

Metformin, Celecoxib, and PGE2 Effects

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T24 or RT4 cells were seeded in 6-well plates 2×105 cells/well, treated with corresponding reagents, including metformin (0, 1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM), Celecoxib (20 μM YUANYE BioTECH, Shanghai, China) and PGE2(10 μM, Sigma). Cell lysates were separated on SDS-PAGE followed by western blotting assay as described [26 (link)] with the following primary antibodies: Bcl-2 (1:1000 Epitomics), Cyclin D1 (1:1000 Fantibody, China), CK14 (1:400 Abcam), STAT3 (1:2000 Abcam), OCT3/4 (1:400 Santa Cruz Biotech-nology), COX2 (1:2000 Origene), p-STAT3 (Tyr705) (1:2000 Cell Signaling), AMPK (1:700 Proteintech), p-AMPK (1:1000 Cell Signaling) and β-actin (1:5000 Cell Signaling).
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Immunohistochemical Analysis of Tumor Specimens

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Tumor specimens were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and embedded in paraffin, and sections were mounted onto glass slides. Sections were then deparaffinized in xylene, re-hydrated through ethanol, and heated for 30 min to enhance the heat-induced antigen retrieval. To block non-specific reactions, slides were blocked in respective serum at 4°C overnight. Primary antibodies against Ki67 (1:300 Origene), CK14(1:100 Abcam) and CK20 (1:400 Abcam), OCT3/4 (1:200 Santa Cruz Biotech-nology), COX2 (1:400 Origene), p-STAT3(Tyr705) (1:100 Cell signaling) and Bcl-2 (1:100 Santa Cruz Biotech-nology) were used. Tissue sections were incubated with each antibody overnight at 4°C, and then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit, anti-mouse or anti-goat IgG secondary antibodies. Slides were subsequently treated with a streptavidinperoxidase reagent and incubated in phosphate-buffered salinediaminobenzidine and 1% hydrogen peroxide, followed by counterstaining with Mayer's haematoxylin.
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4

Collagen-Induced Arthritis Model Study

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The following reagents were used: complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, Sigma-Aldrich, F5881), incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA, Sigma-Aldrich, F5506), and indomethacin (Sigma-Aldrich Cat no: 405268), and immunization-grade chick type II collagen was prepared according to Miller (1972) and Herbage et al. (1977) protocols from chicken sternal cartilage. The pyrazole derivatives, M1E and M1G, were synthesized as previously described (Elbastawesy et al. 2020 ) and correspond to compounds 6a and 6g. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) purchased from Bio-Diagnostic Co. HERA SYBR® Green RT-qPCR Kit, One-Step Kit (Willowfort Co., Cat no: WF10303002, UK). The mouse primers utilized for real-time PCR were as follows: p38 MAPK (MP208343), COX-2 (MP211827), IL1β (MP206724), MMP3 (MP207901), TNF-α (MP217748), and β-actin (MP200232) (OriGene Technologies, Inc., USA). Phosphorylated P38 MAPK polyclonal antibody (Cat no: E-AB-21027), COX-2 polyclonal antibody (Cat no: E-AB-70031), anti-β-actin antibody (Cat. no: E-AB-40517), and anti-rabbit IgG alkaline phosphatase-conjugated secondary antibody (Cat no: E-AB-1047) were purchased from Elabscience, USA, via the local distributing agent and used according to the manufacturing protocol.
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