Foline phenol

2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reagents, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA), foline-phenol, and trypsin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) was purchased from Kunming Cell Bank (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin, streptomycin, and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) were purchased from Beijing Solaibao Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The kits of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione S-transferase (GST) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Research Institute (Nanjing, China).

NaOH, AlCl₃, NaNO₂, 2,2′-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), gallic acid, Na₂CO₃, 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS), potassium persulfate, potassium ferricyanide, ferric chloride, and trichloroacetic acid were obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) Rutin, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and Vitamin C (Vc) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), while foline-phenol, β-sitosterol, and vanillin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (St. Louis, MI, USA). Assay kits for LDH, MDA, SOD, and GSH-PX were bought from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). RPMI-1640 culture medium, phosphate buffer solution (0.01 M, pH 7.2), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 0.05%Trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA), while fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Zhejiang Tianhang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Huzhou, China). ROS assay kit and 30% H₂O₂ solution were gained from Beijing Solarbio Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). All organic reagents used in the experiments, including petroleum ether (bp. 60–90 °C), ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and 95% ethanol, were of analytical grade.

Rutin was purchased from J&K Scientific Ltd. (Beijing, China), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulf onic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2,4,6-Tri(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), Vc, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and foline-phenol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (Shanghai, China). The purity of the related standards above was equal or greater than 99.5%. The HPLC-grade solvents, such as acetonitrile (ACN), methanol, and formic acid (FA), were obtained from TEDIA Company Inc. (Fairfield, OH, USA). All of the other solvents were purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagent Corp. (Shanghai, China).