P nitrobenzene α d glucopyranoside pnpg

Distillers’ grains were generously supplied by the Suzhou Bridge Wine & Spirits Co. (Suzhou, China). Peptides YPLPR, AFEPLR, and NDPF (purity ≥ 98%) were composed by All Peptide Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) medium, embracing 10.0% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1.0 mol/L phosphate buffer (PBS) was bought from Gibco (Life Technologies, Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA). Alkaline protease (2.4 U/g), penicillin-streptomycin (100.0 U/mL penicillin-100.0 mg/mL streptomycin), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) powder, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescence yellow diacetate (DCFH-DA), and trypsin solution were purchased from Solarbio (Beijing Solarbio Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). The HepG2 cell line was acquired from the Kunming Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Kunming, China). Rosiglitazone, insulin, ABTS, DPPH, α-glucosidase derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (type I, protein content of at least 30.0 units per milligram), and p-nitrobenzene α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG, with a minimum purity of 99.0%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (located in Shanghai, China). The glucose kit was purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Co. (Nanjinng, China). Other reagents applied were all of analytical rating.

α-Glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (activity ≥ 30 U/mg) and porcine bile salt (purity ≥ 60.0%) were obtained from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Pepsin (activity ≥ 800 U/mg), pancreatin (activity ≥ 4000 U/g), and amyloglucosidase (activity ≥ 10,000 U/g) were obtained from Shanghai Ryon Biological Technology Co., Ltd. The p-nitrobenzene-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG, purity ≥ 99.0%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Peptides LADW and EEAEGT (purity ≥ 98.0%) were synthesized by ALL PEPTIDE Biology Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade.