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Gel filtration molecular weight standard

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Gel filtration molecular weight standards are a set of proteins with known molecular weights, used to calibrate and determine the molecular weight of unknown proteins separated by gel filtration chromatography. The standards provide a range of molecular weights to create a standard curve for estimating the molecular weights of samples.

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6 protocols using gel filtration molecular weight standard

1

Protein Size Characterization by Gel Filtration

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Gel filtration experiments were performed using Superdex75 HR 10/30 size exclusion column (GE Healthcare) with a separation range of 3–70 kDa connected to an FPLC prime automated liquid chromatography system (Amersham Biosciences). The running buffer used was 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8, 200 mM NaCl. The column was calibrated using gel filtration molecular weight standard (Bio-Rad). The following standards were used for calibration: Thyroglobulin (670 kDa, Rs = 8.6 nm), γ-globulin (158 kDa, Rs = 5.1 nm), Ovalbumin (44 kDa, Rs = 2.8 nm), Myoglobin (17 kDa, Rs = 1.9 nm), Vitamin B12 (1.35 kDa), and Dextran blue (2 MDa).
A 0.5 ml protein sample at a final concentration of 5 µM was filtered and chromatographically analyzed using a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. Absorbance was monitored at 280 nm, elution volumes were determined from UV chromatogram. The partition coefficient, Kav, was calculated from the elution volume of the sample, Ve, and total bed volume, Vt, using the expression: . Stokes radius (Rs) for all proteins was calculated by plotting versus known Rs. Calibration curves and equations were established.
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2

Glycerol Gradient Fractionation of Nuclear Extracts

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3.6 ml of 10–55% glycerol gradient was prepared by sequential layering of ten aliquots of 360 µl of BC buffer (150 mM KCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.2, 0.2 mM EDTA, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 10 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 20% glycerol, 0.5 mM PMSF ) containing and 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15 and 10% glycerol. Nuclear extract was dialyzed against BC buffer containing 150 mM KCl and 8% glycerol at 4°C for 3 hr and spun down at 14,000 g for 15 min. 500 µg of dialyzed C2C12 nuclear extract was loaded onto 3.6 ml of 10–55% glycerol gradient, and size fractionated by centrifugation at 45,000 rpm for 16 hr in SW55Ti rotor (Beckman Coulter, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at 4°C. 19 glycerol gradient fractions of volume 200 µl were collected and analyzed by immunoblot analysis. Gel filtration molecular weight standard (Biorad, Irvine, CA, USA) containing Thyroglobulin (670 kDa), Gamma-globulin (158 kDa), Ovalbumin (44 kDa), Myoglobin (17 kDa) and Vitamin B12 (1.35 kDa) was analyzed in parallel to assess the Mw of glycerol gradient fractions. Fractions containing Mw standard were analyzed by 4–12% Tris-Glycine-SDS PAGE (Life Technologies by Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) followed by Coomassie staining of the gels (Bio-Safe Coomassie G-250 stain, Biorad).
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3

IgG1 Fc Glycoform Characterization

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Experiments were performed using a Shimadzu high-performance liquid chromatography system equipped with a temperature controlled auto sampler and a photodiode array detector capable of recording UV absorbance spectra from 200−400 nm. A Tosoh TSK-Gel Bioassist G3SWXL column (7.8 mm ID×30.0 cm L) and a corresponding guard column (TOSOH Biosciences, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania) were used for IgG1 Fc glycoform characterization. First, the SEC column was equilibrated for at least 10 CV with a mobile phase containing 200 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8 and a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min at 30 °C column temperature. Next, the column was calibrated using gel filtration molecular weight standards (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) before and after the runs of IgG1 Fc glycoform to ensure column and HPLC system integrity. All Fc samples were centrifuged at 14,000 g for 5 min before injection to remove insoluble protein aggregates. Protein samples at a concentration of 1 mg/mL were injected in a volume of 25 µL, and a 30 min run time was used for elution. Peaks quantification was carried out using LC solutions software (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The error bars for monomer content for all the four IgG1 Fc samples and soluble dimer aggregates (observed in N297Q IgG1 Fc) represent standard deviation (SD) of triplicate measurements.61 (link),62 (link)
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4

SEC Analysis of Monoclonal Antibody

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SEC was performed as described,30 using a Shimadzu Prominence ultra-fast liquid chromatography HPLC system. 10 µL of mAb (10 µg total protein) was injected and separated by a TSKgel G4000SWXL column (8 µm particle size, 7.8 mm ID × 30 cm) with the corresponding guard column operated at ambient temperature (Tosoh Biosciences) using a 30-minute run time. Gel filtration molecular weight standards (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) were injected as controls. Data were analyzed using LC-Solutions software (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).
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5

Size-Exclusion HPLC Analysis of Antibodies

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A Shimadzu Prominence ultrafast liquid chromatography HPLC system equipped with a diode array detector (with absorbance detection at 214 nm) was used. The system was equilibrated at 0.5 mL/min flow rate in 0.2 M sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 for at least 2 h. Ten μL of each Ig (10 μg total protein) was injected and separated by a TOSOH TSKgel G4000SWXL column (8 μm particle size, 7.8 mm ID × 30 cm) for sIgA or a TOSOH TSK-Gel BioAssist G3SWxl column (5 μm size, 7.8 mm ID × 30 cm) for IgG1 with a corresponding guard column operated at ambient temperature (Tosoh Biosciences) using a 30-min run time. Gel filtration molecular weight standards (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) were injected before and after the Ig sample sets to ensure integrity of the column and HPLC system. Potential presence of larger aggregates was determined by running Ig samples with and without the size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) column (i.e., protein percentage recovery). Greater than 95% protein recovery was obtained for each of the 3 mAbs by SE-HPLC, indicating minimal loss of protein (e.g., larger aggregates) by using optimized SE-HPLC conditions for sIgA versus IgG1. Data were analyzed using LC-Solution software (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).
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6

PKM2 Variant Gel Filtration Assay

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A 0.1 mg/ml solution of wtPKM2 and each PKM2 variant in storage buffer with 10 mM THP (to regulate the redox state of the enzyme) was incubated for 15 min in the absence and presence of Asn/Asp/Val/Cys before injecting onto a Superdex 200 10/300 GL gel filtration column (24 ml, GE healthcare). The flow rate was kept constant at 0.5 ml/min using an AKTA Pure FPLC system (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Marlborough, MA). All AA concentrations used in the experiments were fixed at 10 mM. Column calibration was conducted using gel-filtration molecular weight standards (Bio-Rad) containing bovine thyroglobulin (670 kDa), bovine γ-globulin (158 kDa), chicken ovalbumin (44 kDa), horse myoglobin (17 kDa), and vitamin B12 (1.35 kDa). The eluted protein peak was observed using UV absorbance at 280 nm. To normalize the lowest and highest intensity value, they were set to 0% and 100%, respectively, which was plotted against elution volume in GraphPad Prism (San Diego, CA).
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