Doxorubicin hydrochloride

Analytical grade (to enable its use without further purification) rhodamine 123 (R123); sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); 3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT); Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium–high glucose (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin mixture; resazurin sodium salt; trypsin-EDTA solution; allantoin; and tariquidar and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were acquired at Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Doxorubicin hydrochloride was acquired from Teva Pharmaceuticals (Petah Tikva, Israel). Eagle’s Minimal Essential Medium (EMEM, Sigma-Aldrich) containing 4500 mg/L glucose, supplemented with a non-essential amino acid (NEAA) mixture (Sigma-Aldrich); a selection of vitamins and 10% heat-inactivated FBS; 2 mM L-glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich); 1 mM Na-pyruvate (Sigma-Aldrich); nystatin (Sigma-Aldrich); a penicillin-streptomycin mixture at concentrations of 100 U/L and 10 mg/L; RPMI 1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich), supplemented with 10% FBS; 2 mM L-glutamine; 1 mM Na-pyruvate; 100 mM HEPES (Sigma-Aldrich); nystatin; and a penicillin-streptomycin mixture at concentrations of 100 U/L and 10 mg/L were used in the biological evaluation. Pgp-Glo™ Assay Systems (Promega), and an Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit were used (Calbiochem, EMD Biosciences. Inc. La Jolla, CA, USA).