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9 protocols using formaldehyde solution

1

Soybean Protein and Poplar Veneer Plywood

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The soy flour with 53.4% protein content was from Yuxin Soybean Protein Co., Ltd., Shandong, China. The thickness of poplar veneer for plywood was 1.5 mm and its moisture content was 8–10%. The formaldehyde solution with a concentration of 37 wt % was from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China, and the formaldehyde solution of 50 wt % was from Kunming Xinfeilin Panel Board Co., Ltd., Kunming, China. l-glutamic acid was purchased from Shanghai Kangda Amino Acid Factory (Shanghai, China), with a purity of 98.5%.
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2

Synthesis and Characterization of BPPO Polymer

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1-naphthol (99%) was bought from Shanghai Aladdin Industrial Co. Ltd. (Shanghai China). Formaldehyde solution (37–40%), DMSO, NMP, hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol absolute, methanol, iodomethane (CH3I), sodium hydrogen sulfite (NaHSO3), and trichloromethane (CHCl3) were purchased form Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai China). Deionized water was used as necessary. Shandong Tianwei Membrane Co. Ltd. (Weifang China) provided the BPPO polymer. A 52% aryl degree of substitution was determined by 1H NMR (see Figure S2). The retail AMX and CMX membranes were used for comparing the results.
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles

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ZnO (50 ± 10 nm, 99.9%) was purchased from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), while 2-methylimidazole was obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) (98%). Additionally, N, N-dimethylformamide, absolute ethanol (AR, 99.7%), anhydrous methanol (AR, 99.5%), and formaldehyde solution (AR, 37.0%) were all acquired from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). All chemical substances employed in the experiments were of analytical grade and used as received without further purification.
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4

Detailed Characterization of Coal-Derived Phenols

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Formaldehyde solution (37%), acetone, and sodium sulfite were provided by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. HOCH2SO3Na (97%) and phenol were provided by Maclin Co., Ltd. o-Cresol was provided by Aladdin Co., Ltd. 3,5-Dimethylphenol was provided by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Mixed phenol was prepared by compounding with a mass ratio of 34.76% phenol, 40.82% o-cresol, and 24.42% 3,5-Dimethylphenol (based on the composition of coal tar creosote). Coal tar creosote was supplied by Juye Runjia Chemical Co., Ltd. Yulin coal samples were kindly donated by Shandong Hualu-Hengsheng Chemical Co., Ltd. Proximate and ultimate analysis data of raw coal samples are shown in Table 1, and their size distribution is shown in Fig. 1.
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5

Comprehensive Inorganic Chemical Reagents

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Melamine, phenol, formaldehyde solution (37–40 wt%), methanol, HCl, NaOH, NaCl, K2CO3, KNO3, NaNO2, Na2SO4, Na2SO3, Na2S, Na2S2O3, K2Cr2O7, Sodium aceticum (NaAc), KF, KCl, KBr, KI, KMnO4, K3Fe(CN)6, K2FeO4 and Zn(OH)2 were provided by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Quinine sulfate was purchased from Adamas-beta Inc. (Shanghai, China). All chemicals were of analytical grade and used directly without further purification. Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ cm−1) used in this study was obtained from a Millipore water purification system.
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6

Synthesis of Phenol-Formaldehyde and Cassava-Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins

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Phenol (99% of concentration, analytical reagent) and formaldehyde solution (37% of concentration, analytical reagent) is used for preparing PF and CPF resins, were purchased from Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. Cassava starch, the main raw material for preparing CPF, was brought from Zhenlong Starch Co., Ltd., Chongzuo, China. Sodium hydroxide solution (40% of concentration) is used for adjusting the pH value during the process of preparing PF and CPF resins was also brought from Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. Besides, sulfuric acid (96–98% of concentration, analytical reagent) as a liquefied catalyst for cassava starch was obtained from Chengdu Cologne Chemical Reagent Factory, Chengdu, China. Eucalyptus veneers (480 × 480 × 17 mm, 8–9% of moisture content) are used for preparing plywood that was purchased from Zhenshuo Wood Industry Co., Ltd., Nanning, China.
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7

Synthesis and Purification of Fatty Acid Esters

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Methyl laurate (99%), methyl myristate (98%), methyl palmitate (99.5%) and methyl stearate (97%) were supplied by J&K Scientific Ltd. Toluene (99.5%), sodium hydroxide (85%), formic acid (98%), hydrochloric acid (36.0–38.0%), formaldehyde solution (37%), absolute ethanol (99.7%) and absolute ethyl ether (99.7%) were provided by the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Beijing Co., Ltd. N,N′-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine was obtained from the Beijing InnoChem Technology Co., Ltd. Isopropanol (99.7%) was purchased from the Shanghai Tian Scientific Co., Ltd. Hydrogen peroxide solution (30%) was purchased from Xilong Chemical Co., LTD. Citric acid (99.5%) was purchased from Fuchen (Tianjin) Chemical Reagents Co., Ltd. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA, 99.5%) was purchased from Beijing Biodee Biotechnology CO., Ltd. 1-Butanol (99%) was purchased from Shaihai Macklin Biochemical CO., Ltd. Sodium sulfite (97%) was purchased from Tianjin Guangfu Technology Co., Ltd. High-purity water (ρ = 18.25 MΩ cm−1) was supplied by a Milli-Q ultrapure water purification system.
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8

Synthesis of Pt(acac)2-Ni(acac)2 Nanocomposites

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Platinum (II) 2,4-pentanedionate (Pt(acac)2), nickel (II) 2,4-pentanedionate (Ni(acac)2), oleic acid (C18H34O2, tech. 90%) and Pt/C (20 wt%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Formaldehyde solution (40%), and n-butylamine were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Oleylamine (C18H37N) was purchased from J&K Chemicals. All chemicals were analytical grade and used without further purification.
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9

Heavy Metal Exposure Mitigation Protocol

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K2Cr2O7, MnCl2•4H2O, NiCl2•6H2O, CuSO4•5H2O, ZnSO4•7H2O, CdCl2•2.5H2O, CH3ClHg, CH3COO)2Pb•3H2O, TCD (>99%), 0.9% sterile normal saline, 40% formaldehyde solution were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Beijing, China). CH3ClHg (analytical grade, ≥99.0%) was purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany). EGCG (90%) was purchased from Hangzhou Yibeijia Tea Co., Ltd (Hangzhou, China). GSH (98%) was purchased from Solarbio Life Sciences Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Nitric acid (HNO3, 68%, trace metal, UP grade) was purchased from Suzhou Crystal Clear Chemical Co., Ltd. (Suzhou, China). Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats weighing 150–180 g were purchased from the Experimental Animal Center of Zhejiang Province. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) (NexION™ 300D) was produced by PerkinElmer (USA).
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