Riboprine (N6-(2-Isopentenyl)adenosine, CAS Registry Number: 7724-76-7) was purchased from BenchChem (BENCH CHEMICAL, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.) (Catalog Number: B141774, Purity: ≥ 99%). While forodesine (Immucillin-H, CAS Registry Number: 209799-67-7), nelarabine (Arranon, CAS Registry Number: 121032-29-9), tecadenoson (CVT-510, CAS Registry Number: 204512-90-3), maribavir (1263W94, CAS Registry Number: 176161-24-3), vidarabine (Arabinosyladenine “Ara-A”, CAS Registry Number: 5536-17-4), remdesivir (GS-5734, CAS Registry Number: 1809249-37-3), and molnupiravir (EIDD-2801, CAS Registry Number: 2349386-89-4) were purchased from Biosynth Carbosynth (Carbosynth Ltd., Berkshire, U.K.) (for forodesine, Product Code: MD11591, Purity: ≥ 98%; for nelarabine, Product Code: NN26176, Purity: ≥ 98%; for tecadenoson, Product Code: EIA51290, Purity: ≥ 98%; for maribavir, Product Code: AM178224, Purity: ≥ 98%; for vidarabine, Product Code: NA06007, Purity: ≥ 98%; for remdesivir, Product Code: AG170167, Purity: ≥ 98%; for molnupiravir, Product Code: AE176721, Purity: ≥ 98%). The ultrapure solvent DMSO (CAS Registry Number: 67-68-5) was purchased from a local distributor, El-Gomhouria Company For Drugs (El-Gomhouria Co. For Trading Drugs, Chemicals & Medical Supplies, Mansoura Branch, Egypt) (Purity: ≥ 99.9% “anhydrous”).
Remdesivir
Manufactured by Biosynth
Sourced in United Kingdom
Remdesivir is an antiviral medication developed by Biosynth. It is a nucleotide analog that inhibits viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, an enzyme essential for viral replication. The core function of Remdesivir is to disrupt the replication process of certain viruses.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Nelarabine, by Biosynth (2 mentions)
Tecadenoson, by Biosynth (2 mentions)
Maribavir, by Biosynth (2 mentions)
Vidarabine, by Biosynth (2 mentions)
Molnupiravir, by Biosynth (2 mentions)
Forodesine, by Biosynth (2 mentions)
While forodesine, by Biosynth (2 mentions)
Gs 441524, by Biosynth (2 mentions)
Celltiter 96 aqueous mts reagent, by Promega (2 mentions)
Chloroquine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydroxychloroquine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lopinavir ritonavir, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Bafilomycin a, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Favipiravir, by Biosynth (1 mentions)
Camostat, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
6 protocols using remdesivir
1
Synthesis and Characterization of Riboprine and Related Nucleosides
2
Synthesis and Characterization of Riboprine and Antiviral Analogues
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Riboprine (N6-(2-Isopentenyl)adenosine, CAS Registry Number: 7724–76–7) was purchased from BenchChem (BENCH CHEMICAL, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.) (Catalog Number: B141774, Purity: ≥ 99 %). While forodesine (Immucillin-H, CAS Registry Number: 209799–67–7), nelarabine (Arranon, CAS Registry Number: 121032–29–9), tecadenoson (CVT-510, CAS Registry Number: 204512–90–3), maribavir (1263W94, CAS Registry Number: 176161–24–3), vidarabine (Arabinosyladenine "Ara-A", CAS Registry Number: 5536–17–4), remdesivir (GS-5734, CAS Registry Number: 1809249–37–3), and molnupiravir (EIDD-2801, CAS Registry Number: 2349386–89–4) were purchased from Biosynth Carbosynth (Carbosynth Ltd., Berkshire, U.K.) (for forodesine, Product Code: MD11591, Purity: ≥ 98 %; for nelarabine, Product Code: NN26176, Purity: ≥ 98 %; for tecadenoson, Product Code: EIA51290, Purity: ≥ 98 %; for maribavir, Product Code: AM178224, Purity: ≥ 98 %; for vidarabine, Product Code: NA06007, Purity: ≥ 98 %; for remdesivir, Product Code: AG170167, Purity: ≥ 98 %; for molnupiravir, Product Code: AE176721, Purity: ≥ 98 %). The ultrapure solvent dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, CAS Registry Number: 67–68–5) was purchased from a local distributor, El-Gomhouria Company For Drugs (El-Gomhouria Co. For Trading Drugs, Chemicals & Medical Supplies, Mansoura Branch, Egypt) (Purity: ≥ 99.9 % "anhydrous").
3
Antiviral Drug Treatment Evaluation in Cardiac Myocytes
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Cultures were treated with or without 5 μM chloroquine (Sigma; #C6628) (21 (link)), 5 μM hydroxychloroquine (Sigma; # H0915), 5 μM remdesivir (Biosynth Carbosynth; AG170167), 25 μM lopinavir/ritonavir (Sigma; #SML1222-10MG, #SML0491-10MG), and lopinavir/ritonavir/8 U interferon-β (Sigma; #IF014) for 24 h. After treatment, cells were analyzed as described below. Drug concentrations chosen are based on literature data and are below the 50% cytotoxic concentrations (22 (link), 23 (link)). Incubation of cardiac myocytes with drugs for 24 h under normal culture conditions did not result in cytotoxicity.
4
Antiviral Compounds Screening Protocol
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Remdesivir and Favipiravir were purchased from Carbosynth. TH6744, TH3289 and TH5487 were in-house produced and recently described [28 (link), 29 (link)]. Compounds Camostat (SML0057), E-64d (E8640), Cathepsin L inhibitor (SCP0110) and Bafilomycin A (B1793) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Three phenotypic reference chemicals that are known to produce morphological phenotypes in a variety of cell lines using the Cell Painting assay were included: Etoposide (E1383), Fenbendazole (F5396) and Metoclopramide (M0763) [24 (link), 25 (link)]. DMSO (D2438) was used as compound vehicle (all purchased from Sigma Aldrich).
5
SARS-CoV-2 Cell-Based Antiviral Assay
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We purchased HCoV-229E and human embryonic lung (HEL) fibroblast cells from ATCC (VR-740 and CCL-137). To conduct the cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay [57 (link)], confluent HEL cell cultures in 96-well plates were exposed to serial compound dilutions and immediately infected with HCoV-229E (MOI: 100 CCID50 per well). At the same time, we added the compounds to mock-infected plates to measure cytotoxicity. After five days of incubation at 35 °C, the plates were submitted to microscopic scoring of CPE (virus-infected plates) and compound cytotoxicity (mock-infected plates). To quantify the results by MTS cell viability assay, the medium was replaced by CellTiter 96® AQueous MTS Reagent (from Promega) and, on the next day, optical density at 490 nm was measured in a plate reader. The 50% effective concentration (EC50), based on microscopy or MTS assay, and the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) by MTS assay were calculated using reported formulas [58 (link)]. The cytotoxicity estimated by microscopy was expressed as the minimal cytotoxic concentration (MCC) causing visible alterations in cell morphology. We included two reference compounds: GS-441524 (the nucleoside form of remdesivir; from Carbosynth) and K22 [(Z)-N-[3-[4-(4-bromophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-2-yl]benzamide [36 (link)]; from ChemDiv].
6
Antiviral Assay for HCoV-229E
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HCoV-229E was purchased from ATCC (VR-740) and expanded in human embryonic lung fibroblast cells (HEL; ATCC ® CCL-137). The titers of virus stocks were determined in HEL cells and expressed as TCID 50 (50% tissue culture infective dose). 54 The cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay was performed in 96-well plates containing confluent HEL cell cultures, as previously described. 55 Serial compound dilutions were added together with HCoV-229E at an MOI of 100. In parallel, the compounds were added to a mock-infected plate to assess cytotoxicity. Besides the test compounds, two references were included, i.e. K22 [(Z)-N-[3-[4-(4-bromophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-2-yl]benzamide; 47 from ChemDiv] and GS-441524 (the nucleoside form of remdesivir; from Carbosynth). After five days incubation at 35°C, microscopy was performed to score virus-induced CPE. To next perform the colorimetric MTS cell viability assay, the reagent (CellTiter 96 ® AQ ueous MTS Reagent from Promega) was added to the wells, and 24 h later, absorbance at 490 nm was measured in a plate reader. Antiviral activity was calculated from three independent experiments and expressed as EC 50 or concentration showing 50% efficacy in the MTS or microscopic assay (see reference 56 for calculation details). Cytotoxicity was expressed as 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC 50 ) in the MTS assay.
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