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4 protocols using enhanced chemiluminescence substrate kit

1

Immunoblotting Analysis of M. bovis Proteins

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Western blotting was performed to determine the locations of the recombinant proteins. The whole cell proteins (WCP) and secretomes of M. bovis strains P1 and P150 were extracted as detailed above, separated by 12% SDS-PAGE, and transferred to PVDF membranes. After blocking, the signals were probed with mouse polyclonal antisera to specific recombinant proteins (diluted 1:200), and immunoblots were developed with HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (1:3,000, SouthernBiotech, Birmingham, AL, USA) for 1 h.
Colony immunoblotting analysis was also performed to detect M. bovis cell surface or extracellular proteins, as described previously (25 (link)). M. bovis colonies grown on agar plates were transferred onto PVDF membranes through close contact. After blocking with 5% skim milk, the membranes were incubated with mouse antiserum (1:200) against each protein at RT for 2 h and then incubated with HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG antibodies. Both the western and colony blots were developed using an enhanced chemiluminescence substrate kit (Advansta, California, USA).
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2

Protein Expression Analysis by Western Blot

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The total protein was separated by SDS‐PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes. The membranes were incubated with the corresponding primary antibodies, namely anti‐phosphorylated (p)‐AMPK (Thr172; 1:1000; CST), anti‐AMPK (1:1000, CST), anti‐SIRT‐1 (1:1000, Abcam), anti‐p‐FOXO‐3a (Ser253; 1:500; Zen‐Bio Science), anti‐FOXO‐3a (1:1000, GeneTex), anti‐Atrogin‐1 (1:1000, Abcam), anti‐MuRF‐1 (1:1000, Proteintech), anti‐p‐IRS‐1 (Ser307; 1:500; Zen‐Bio Science), anti‐IRS‐1 (1:1000, Zen‐Bio Science), anti‐GLUT‐4 (1:500, Proteintech), anti‐MHC (1:200, Santa Cruz), anti‐MyoD (1:200, Santa Cruz), anti‐Myog (1:200, Santacruz), anti‐PGC‐1α (1:1000, Abcam), anti‐FNDC‐5 (1:1000, Abcam) and anti‐GAPDH (1:5000, Proteintech) overnight at 4°C. Then, the membranes were incubated with the secondary antibodies for 1 h at 37°C. After treatment with an enhanced chemiluminescence substrate kit (Advansta), the protein bands were detected using Fusion software.
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3

Protein Extraction and Analysis from Hepatic Tissues

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Hepatic tissues were crushed in RIPA lysis buffer and heated. After homogenation, the samples were centrifuged at 12,500 rpm for 20 min and the extracted protein from supernatants was quantified using the Bradford assay. After mixing with a loading buffer solution (60 mM Tris-HCl, 25% glycerol, 2% SDS, 14.4 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, and 0.1% bromophenol blue) and gel electrophoresis was done in a 10% SDS polyacrylamide gel. Electroblotting was performed onto a nitrocellulose membrane (Whatman GmbH, Dassel, Germany). Primary antibodies were diluted in Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween-20 (TBS-T) and incubated for 2 h at room temperature. Following washes of membrane, it was incubated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) (diluted 1:1000; Santa Cruz, CA, USA) antibodies and β-actin (diluted 1:5000; Cell Signaling, Beverly, MA) overnight at 4°C. Membrane was then incubated with secondary antibody (mouse horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody; diluted 1:2000) and enhanced chemiluminescence substrate kit (Advansta, California, USA). After exposing onto medical x-ray film and the band density was measured using NIH Image J 1.47v software.
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Hepatic TNF-α and NF-κB

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Hepatic tissue was homogenized in radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) before centrifugation for 20 min at 12,500 rpm and 4°C. Supernatants were then protein extracted. Blotting membranes were blocked in 1% bovine serum albumin in Tris-buffered saline plus 0.1% Tween 20 for 2 h at room temperature. After thorough washing, blots were incubated overnight at 4°C with antibodies against tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (1 : 1,000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA), and β-actin (1 : 5000; Cell Signaling Technology, USA). The activated form of NF-κB is a heterodimer of p50/52 and p65. In this study, quantification was performed using a p65 antibody.
Washed membranes were then incubated with secondary anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibodies (1 : 1,000; Cell Signaling Technology, USA) and washed. Protein bands were reacted with an enhanced chemiluminescence substrate kit (Advansta, USA) and visualized using medical radiography film [17 (link)]. Image J software (ver. 1.47; National Institutes of Health, USA) was used to quantify protein signal intensity.
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