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5 protocols using β actin

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Western Blot Analysis of Protein Expression

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The proteins were loaded on 8–10% Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE gel. Proteins were transferred to 0.2-μm nitrocellulose membrane and the transferred membrane was blocked with 5% (w/v) nonfat dried milk in Tris-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween-20 (TBST; 10 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.6) for 1 h at room temperature. After washing blocked membrane with PBS four times for 10 min, the membrane was incubated with the following primary antibodies at 4 °C for 16 h: APP (6E10; BioLegend, monoclonal, #803002), caveolin (cav-1; BD Transduction Laboratories, polyclonal, #610059), flotillin-1 (BD Transduction Laboratories, monoclonal, #610880), GAPDH (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA, monoclonal, #14C10), β-actin (EnoGene, New York, NY, USA, monoclonal, #E12-041). Next, the membrane was washed with TBST four times and incubated with horseradish-peroxidase-conjugated goat antirabbit IgG (Invitrogen, polyclonal, #656120) or goat antimouse IgG (Invitrogen, polyclonal, #G21040) antibodies for 1 h at room temperature to detect each primary antibody. After incubation with the secondary antibody, the membrane was washed again with TBST four times. We used enhanced chemiluminescence reagent (Westsave, #LF-QC0101), and signals were captured with film (MTC Bio, Metuchen, NJ, USA, #A8815). The intensity of bands was captured by LAS-3000 system (Fuji Film) and analyzed by Multi Gauge V3.0.
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Western Blot Analysis of Alzheimer's Markers

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The proteins were loaded on 10% Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE gel and transferred to 0.2 μm nitrocellulose membrane. The transferred membrane was blocked with 5% (w/v) non-fat dried milk in Tris-buffered saline with 1% Tween-20 (TBST) for 1 h at room temperature. After washing blocked membrane with PBS four times for 10 min each, the membrane was incubated with the following primary antibodies: APP (1:2000, 6E10, BioLegend, monoclonal, RRID: AB_2564652; 1:2000, 22C11, Invitrogen, monoclonal, RRID: AB_2572978), caveolin (1:10,000, BD Transduction Laboratories, polyclonal, RRID: AB_397471), BACE1 (1:2000, abcam, RRID: AB_10861218), nicastrin (1:1000, CHEMICON, RRID: AB_2235791) and β-actin (1:10,000, EnoGene, monoclonal, #E12-041) at 4 °C for 16 h. Next, the membrane was washed with TBST four times and incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:10,000, Invitrogen, polyclonal, RRID: AB_2533967) or goat anti-mouse IgG (1:2000, Invitrogen, polyclonal, RRID: AB_2536527) antibodies for 1 h at room temperature to detect each primary antibody. After incubation with secondary antibodies, the membrane was washed again with TBST four times. We used an enhanced chemiluminescence reagent (Westsave, #LF-QC0101), and signals were captured with film (MTC Bio, #A8815). The intensity of bands was measured by the LAS-3000 system (Fuji Film) and analyzed by Multi Gauge V3.0.
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Western Blot Analysis of Protein Expression

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Cells were collected at 48 h post-transfection and proteins were extracted by cell lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangsu, China). Protein samples were separated on 8–12% SDS-PAGE gel and transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (Roche Diagnostics, USA) using standard procedures. The membranes were blocked at room temperature for 2 h with 5% nonfat dry milk. Membranes were incubated with primary antibody against FLAG (1:2000, EneGene Biotech Co. Ltd, China), HIF-1α (1:1000, Novus Biologicals, Kittketon, Co, USA), H3K4me3 (1:5000, Abcam, UK), H3K79me2 (1:3000, Active Motif, Inc. Japan), GAPDH (1:5000, EneGene Biotech Co. Ltd, China), β-actin (1:100000, EnoGene Biotech Co. Ltd, China), and tubulin (1:10000, EnoGene Biotech Co. Ltd, China) overnight at 4°C. Membranes were washed 3 times for 10 min each and incubated for 1 h at room temperature with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse or anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1:10000, KPL, Gaithersburg, MD, USA). The proteins were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) reagents (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA).
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4

Molecular Signaling Pathways in Neurodegeneration

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Antibodies against the following proteins were used in this study: Akt, phospho-Akt (Ser473), mTOR, phosphor mTOR, p70 S6 kinase, phospho p70 S6 kinase, STAT3, phospho- STAT3 (Tyr705), and LC3II from Cell Signaling Technology, c-fos, ERK, phospho ERK and β-amyloid (immunohistochemistry) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Insulin receptor (Y1158) from Abcam Cambridge, β-amyloid (Immunoblot analysis) from BioLegend, Donkey anti-Mouse IgG from Thermo Fisher Scientific, β-actin from EnoGene, and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies from Enzo Life Sciences. β-amyloid (human, 1–42) was purchased from Invitrogen. LY294002 and thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma. PD98059 was purchased from Calbiochem. Recombinant human LIF was purchased from Peprotech. c-fos siRNA was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.
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5

Protein Expression Analysis in APPsw-Transfected HeLa Cells

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APPsw-transfected HeLa cells were washed with PBS and homogenized using lysis buffer (100 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100,1 mM sodium orthovanadate, protease inhibitors, 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.2). Centrifugation of cell lysates was carried out at 10,000× g for 10 min. The Bradford assay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) was used to measure protein concentration in the supernatant. SDS-PAGE (8% or 15%) was used to resolve proteins. The resolved proteins were transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. Then, it was blocked using nonfat milk powder (5%) in Tris-buffered saline/Tween 20 (TBST) for 1 h at room temperature. The membrane was then incubated overnight at 4 °C with anti-sAPPα (Covance), anti-CTF (Sigma), anti-ADAM9 (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), anti-ADAM10 (Abcam), anti-ADAM17 (Abcam), anti-β-tubulin (Sigma), or β-actin (EnoGene, New York, USA). After washing membranes using TBST, horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG or goat anti-rabbit IgG (Cell Signaling Technology) were incubated at room temperature for 1 h. Enhanced chemiluminescence was performed to visualize the peroxidase activity. Multi Gauge Software (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan) using a LAS-4000 system was used to quantify the detected signals.
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