Alpha minimal essential medium α mem

hBMSCs gifted from the Zhongshan Medical University were isolated from fresh human bone marrow aspirates from patients undergoing fracture management. Flow cytometry analysis showed that hBMSCs were positive for the surface markers CD29, CD44, and CD90, but negative for the hematopoietic (CD34 and CD45) markers (Supplementary Figure 1). The osteogenic and adipogenic potentials of hBMSCs were demonstrated by Alizarin Red S and Oil Red O (Supplementary Figure 2). The patients which included 2 women and a man were aged 23–34 years old. Under sterile conditions, hBMSCs were maintained in alpha minimal essential medium (α-MEM; Sigma-Aldrich Co, St. Louis, Missouri) and supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Corning, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri). The cells were cultured at 37°C in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO₂. The medium was changed every 2 days until confluence. Cultures were serially passaged by replating confluent cells at half their confluent density, growing the cells to confluence, and replating again at half their confluent density. Cells were used in passages 3–6.

Crystal violet and aluminum foil (99.99% Al) were bought from Cib biotech Co (Tehran, Iran) and Kingcheng (Beijing, China), respectively. Oxalic acid, phosphoric acid (85%), perchloric acid (70%), hydrochloric acid (37%), nitric acid (63%), sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide (30%), ethanol (95.5%), methanol (95%), acetone, chromic oxide, sodium hydroxyl, copper chloride (II), Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250, and dimethyl sulfoxide were purchased from Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). NaH₂PO₄, Na₂HPO₄, BSA, MTT reagent, enzymes, Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS), alpha-minimal essential medium (αMEM), and FBS were bought from Sigma Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) were obtained from CheapTubes (Cambridgeport, VT, USA). FA was obtained from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA) and studied. Presto Blue (PB) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Two strains of bacteria containing Escherichia coli (ATCC: 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC: 25923) were provided by Pasteur Institute (Tehran, Iran) for biofilm formation.