The expanded clay (EC) was fabricated from the kaolinite and rice husk by using the pyrolysis process. The kaolinite powder (<2 mm diameter) was mixed with grounded rice husk at a ratio of 1 : 1 (w/w). Water was added to achieve a pliable consistency, making granules about 1 cm in diameter. The granules were dried naturally until a moisture content of 30–40% was reached. Then, they were placed in a furnace at 1200 °C for 2 h and quickly cooled to room temperature using a large ice water bath. This procedure would form numerous holes inside the EC due to the swelling of the molten at high temperatures, and its porosity structure was fixed during the rapid cooling process.30 (link) Specific surface areas, pore volume, and pore size of the EC samples were determined using N2 physisorption isotherms at 77 K (Tristar-3030 system, Micromeritics-USA). To initial estimate the Ti and Ag content that existed in the EC carrier, the Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis of the EC material was carried out utilizing PerkinElmer's Nexion 2000 (USA) equipment.
Tristar 3030 system
Manufactured by Micromeritics
Sourced in United States
The Tristar-3030 system is a high-performance surface area and porosity analyzer. It is designed to provide accurate and reliable measurements of the surface area, pore size, and pore volume of a wide range of materials. The system utilizes the principles of gas adsorption to determine these key characteristics, making it a valuable tool for researchers, scientists, and engineers across various industries.
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2 protocols using tristar 3030 system
1
Expanded Clay Fabrication and Characterization
2
Comprehensive Characterization of Nanomaterials
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X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded by using a D8 Advance (Bruker, Germany) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.154 nm). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were recorded on a IR-Prestige-21 (Shimadzu). Raman spectra were recorded on an Xplora Plus instrument (Horiba, Japan) in a frequency range from 200 to 2000 cm−1 and with an excitation wavelength of 785 nm. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms were recorded by using a Tristar-3030 system (Micromeritics, USA). The magnetic properties were measured on a Micro Sense vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations and energy-dispersive X-ray elemental mapping (EDX mapping) were carried out on a Hitachi S-4800 FESEM (Japan). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) observation was performed with a JEM 1010. The intermediates in the MB degradation were determined by using an Agilent 1100 LC/MS-MS system with an electron spray ionization source combined with an ion trap.
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