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4 protocols using 3h para aminohippuric acid

1

Radioactive Tracer Uptake Assay

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[3H]Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH; 0.13 TBq/mmol), [3H]estrone-3-sulfate (ES; 2.12 TBq/mmol), [3H]estradiol-17β-D-glucuronide (EG; 2.22 TBq/mmol), [3H]digoxin (1.103 TBq/mmol), and [3H]methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+; 2.9 TBq/mmol) were purchased from Perkin Elmer Inc. (Boston, MA, USA). Catalposide, tetraethylammonium chloride, probenecid, rifampin, cyclosporin A (CsA), 4-meth-ylumbelliferone, and nonessential amino acids were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), poly-D-lysine-coated 24-well plates, and Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) were purchased from Corning-Gentest (Tewksbury, MA, USA). Methanol and acetonitrile (high-performance liquid chromatography-grade) were from Burdick & Jackson Inc. (Muskegon, MI, USA). Sodium butyrate and fumitrogen C (FTC) were obtained from Merck Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). Other chemicals were of the highest quality available.
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2

Ginseng Compound Identification and Quantification

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RGE was purchased from the Punggi Ginseng Cooperative Association (Youngjoo, Kyungpook, Korea). The ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1, Rg3, Rh1, Rh2, compound K, Re, PPD, and PPT were purchased from the Ambo Institute (Daejeon, Korea). Berberine, caffeine, valsartan, probenecid, rifampin, TEA, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), non-essential amino acids, and poly-D-lysine-coated 96-well plates were purchased from Corning Life Sciences (Woburn, MA, USA). [3H]Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ([3H]MPP+; 2.9 TBq/mmol), [3H]para-aminohippuric acid ([3H]PAH; 0.13 TBq/mmol), [3H]estrone-3-sulfate ([3H]ES; 2.1 TBq/mmol), and [3H]estradiol-17β-d-glucuronide ([3H]EG; 2.2 TBq/mmol) were purchased from Perkin Elmer Inc. (Boston, MA, USA). Acetonitrile, methanol, and water were obtained from Fisher Scientific Co. (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). All other chemicals and solvents were of reagent or analytical grade.
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3

Transporter Uptake Assay Protocol

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Rosmarinic acid, probenecid, furosemide, valsartan, tetraethylammonium chloride, rifampin, cyclosporin A, Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS), sodium butyrate, and non-essential amino acids were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). [3H]Para-aminohippuric acid (0.13 TBq/mmol), [3H]estrone-3-sulfate (2.12 TBq/mmol), [3H]estradiol-17β-D-glucuronide (2.22 TBq/mmol), [3H]taurocholate (0.57 TBq/mmol), and [3H]methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (2.9 TBq/mmol) were purchased from Perkin Elmer Inc. (Boston, MA, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), poly-D-lysine-coated 24-well plates, and poly-D-lysine-coated 96-well plates were purchased from Corning-Gentest (Tewksbury, MA, USA). Other chemicals were of the highest quality available.
HEK293-OAT1, -OAT3, -OATP1B1, -OATP1B3, -OCT1, -OCT2, and NTCP cells (HEK293 cells transiently overexpressing OAT1, OAT3, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OCT1, OCT2, and NTCP transporters, respectively) and HEK293-mock cells were purchased from Corning Life Sciences (Woburn, MA, USA).
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4

HEK293 Cells for Transporter Assays

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Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells transfected with OCT2, OAT1, and OAT3 were obtained from Dr. Kathleen Giacomini (University of California, San Francisco, CA). HEK293 cells transfected with OAT2-variant 1 were obtained from Dr. Ryan Pelis (Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada). HEK293 cells transfected with MATE1/2K were obtained from Dr. Katsuhisa Inoue (Nagoya City University, Japan). All the test compounds were obtained from the Pfizer chemical inventory system or procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Biocoat poly-D-lysine 48-well and 96-well plates were obtained from Corning Inc. (Corning, NY). Fetal bovine serum was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM), hygromycin B, gentamicin, and sodium pyruvate were obtained from Gibco Life Technologies (Waltham, MA). Hank's balanced salt solution and HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid) were obtained from Lonza Inc. (Allendale, NJ). 14 C-creatinine and 14 Cmetformin were purchased from Moravek Biochemical Inc. (Brea, CA). 3 H-para aminohippuric acid, 3 H-cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and 3 H-estrone 3-sulfate were purchased from Perkin Elmer Life Sciences (Waltham, MA).
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