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211 protocols using enhanced chemi luminescence (ecl)

1

Western Blot Analysis of Cellular Proteins

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Total proteins were extracted, and the concentration was detected by the bovine serum albumin method (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, P.R.C). For every sample, 40 μg of protein lysates underwent sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with 10% acrylamide gel used, which were then transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Millipore Corporation, USA) under 350 mA for 2.5 h. Non-fat milk (5%) was used to block the membrane, and primary antibodies against CELF1 (1:500, Abcam, USA), CDKN1B (1:1000, Sigma, USA), caspase-3 (1:1000, Abcam, USA), cleaved caspase-3 (1:1000, Abcam, USA) or β-actin (1:2000, Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, P.R.C) were used for incubation overnight under 4 °C. Subsequently, horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (1:500, Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, P.R.C) was used for incubation. After stripping, Western blot detection reagents of ultra-enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL, Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, P.R.C) were utilised for reprobing the membrane with β-actin (1:2000, Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, P.R.C). Protein was observed under an ECL system (ECL, Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, P.R.C). Each Western band was quantified by densitometry, which was expressed in bar graphs.
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2

Magnesium Alloy Extract Protein Analysis

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The cells in the high-speed growth phase were treated with a 4-fold dilution of the Mg alloy extract and medium for 24 h, washed with PBS three times and added RIPA cell lysate containing 1% protease inhibitor and 1% phosphatase inhibitor. A cell scraper was used to hang the adherent cells. The lysate was collected, vortexed and placed on ice for 30 min to be fully lysed. After 12 000 g refrigerated centrifugation for 10 min, the supernatant was transferred to a clean EP tube. The Micro BCA™ Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Scientific, USA) was used to measure the protein concentration of the samples, and then a 5× loading buffer was added. The samples were heated at 100°C for 15 min to denature the proteins. The proteins were separated by using 10% SDS-PAGE, and the same amount of total protein (20 μg) was added to the loading well. After the electrophoresis, the proteins were transferred to the PVDF membrane, which was blocked with 5% skim milk for 2 h, incubated with the primary antibody (Table 2) at 4°C overnight, then washed 3 times for 5 min with TBST buffer. The secondary antibody was used to incubate for 2 h at room temperature. After washing with TBST three times, the targeted proteins were visualized with enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL, Beyotime Biotechnology Co., China) in the Molecular Image ChemiDoc XRS+ system (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., USA).
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3

Protein Expression Analysis in Mouse Myocardium

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The RIPA-lysed ground mouse myocardial tissue was treated with centrifugalization (12,000 rpm, 15 min) to collect the supernatant. Protein concentration was measured with the use of the BCA protein quantification kit. Equal amount of 10 μL protein samples were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfonate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred onto a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (230 mA, 2.5 h) that was subjected to 1 h of cultivation with 5% bovine serum albumin solution. The PVDF membrane was then cut out according to the different molecular weights of the protein and placed in the antibody-incubation box. The diluted corresponding Ι antibodies were used for overnight incubation (4°C). After incubation, the corresponding II antibody was placed into the box for 2 h of indoor cultivation. ECL (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) was employed for the identification of the expression of the corresponding protein bands in the bioimager and ImageJ software (Image J Software, Bethesda, USA) for the gray value analysis of the protein band, with GAPDH as an internal reference.
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4

Protein Expression Analysis via Western Blot

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RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) was used to extract tissue or cell proteins, and 10%–12% polyacrylamide gels were prepared for protein separation. After the proteins on the gel were transferred to the nitrocellulose membrane, they were incubated with 5% milk for 1 h. Primary antibodies against caspase-1 (1:250), NLRP3 (1:500), ASC (1:400), IL-1β (1:400), IL-18 (1:1,000), HSC70 (1:1,000), and RPS4XL (1:2000) were used, with β-actin (1:3,000) as an internal control. The corresponding primary antibody, secondary antibody, and ECL (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) were incubated for chemiluminescence detection.
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5

Western Blot Analysis of Nrf2 Pathway

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Protein samples were resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene difuoride (PVDF) membranes. The blots were exposed to appropriate primary antibodies: Nrf2, Keap1, HO-1, NQO1, GCLC, GCLM, Lamin B, GAPDH and peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies. Protein bands were visualized using ECL (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) plus Western blotting detection reagents [36 (link),43 (link)].
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6

Quantifying Protein Levels via Immunoblotting

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To measure protein levels, immunoblot analysis was conducted based on a previously published protocol [6 (link)]. The samples were lysed using RIPA buffer (#P0013B, Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). An equal amount of protein (20 mg) was loaded onto an SDS-polyacrylamide gel and transferred to the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. The membranes were blocked with 4% bovine serum albumin (BSA, #ST023, Beyotime Biotechnology), followed by overnight incubation with primary antibodies at 4 °C. Afterwards, the membranes were incubated with appropriate secondary antibodies. After washing, the membranes were visualized using ECL (#P0018FS, Beyotime Biotechnology). The antibodies contained anti-NRF2 (1:1000, #16396-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), anti-GAPDH (1:10000, #10494-1-AP, Proteintech, Chicago, IL, USA), anti-KEAP1 (1:1000, #80744-1-RR, Proteintech), and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody (#7074, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA).
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7

Western Blot Analysis of Cellular Proteins

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Cells were lysed by RIPA buffer (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) supplemented with protease inhibitors. Protein concentration was measured using the BCA assay (Beyotime) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Total protein was electrophoresed by SDS-PAGE. The proteins were then transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and blocked for 1 h with 5% skim milk at room temperature. Incubation with primary antibodies was performed overnight at 4°C. The blots were incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled secondary antibodies, and the signal was detected using ECL (Beyotime). The following antibodies were used for Western blot: rabbit anti-GAPDH (1:500; Beyotime, Shanghai, China), rabbit anti-CCR5 (1:1000; Protein Tech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-caspase 3 (1:1000; Protein Tech, Wuhan, China), rabbit anti-cleaved caspase 3 (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Massachusetts, USA), and HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1:5,000; Beyotime, Shanghai, China).
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8

Insulin and Metformin Signaling Pathway

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Insulin and metformin were obtained from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Antibodies PEPCK, G6Pase, p-IRS1(S302), p-Akt (T308), IRS1, Akt, p-AMPKα (T172), p-ACC (S79), AMPKα and ACC were all purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, United States). Insulin was obtained from Millipore Sigma (Danvers, MA, United States). Radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer (RIPA buffer), SDS-PAGE, PVDF membrane and ECL were obtained from Beyotime (Shanghai, China).
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9

Protein Quantification and Western Blot Analysis

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Total protein of these tumour cells and tissues were extracted by a lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Nantong, China), and protein concentration were measured by the BSA method (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Nantong, China). An equal number of protein (40 μg per lane) were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in 6%, 10% and 12% acrylamide gels and switched to poly vinblastine difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore Corporation, USA) at 300 mA for two hours. The membrane was blocked in 5% fat-free milk and incubated with the following primary antibodies overnight at 4°C: rabbit anti-Rab27a (1:3000 dilution; Abcam), rabbit anti-Bax (1:1000 dilution; Abcam), polygonal rabbit anti-Caspase3 (1:1000 dilution; Abcam), polygonal rabbit anti-Caspase9 (1:1000 dilution; Abcam) and monoclonal rabbit anti-Bcl-2 (1:500 dilution; Abcam). The secondary antibody was horseradish peroxidase-conjugated (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit antibody (1:1000, Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). After stripping, the membrane was reproved with β-actin (1:1000, Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with secondary antibody as above at room temperature for 2 h. Bands were visualised using an enhanced chemiluminescence system (ECL, Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Data were quantified by densitometry.
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10

Kidney Tissue Protein Analysis

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The cortical part of the kidney tissue was taken and added with histone lysate for full grinding; then, the supernatant was taken, and the protein concentration was determined with BCA protein detection kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing). Then, 50 ng supernatant was added into 2 × SDS sample buffer to prepare the sample. After fully mixing, the sample was bathed in water at 100°C for 10 min. Cool to room temperature, set aside at 4°C, or store at -20°C. After sample loading, electrophoresis, membrane transfer, and sealing, specific anti-PPARγ (1 : 1000), anti-podocin (1 : 5000), anti-collagen-IV (1 : 500), anti-fibronectin (1 : 800) (Proteintech company), anti-nephrin (1 : 300) (Abcam), anti-β-actin (1 : 6000), (Bioworld Technology, Nanjing) were added, sealed, 4°C gently shake overnight. TBST was added to wash the membrane for 5 min × 3 times. The specific secondary antibody (ZSGB-Bio company) was incubated for 1 h, and the membrane was washed again with TBST for 5 min × 3 times. Add ECL (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing) development and exposure. Scans were performed using Shanghai Qinxiang gel imaging system. The ImageJ software analyzed the absorbance value of each band and detected the relative expression of each target protein, three times for each group.
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