Formic acid

Manufactured by BD

Sourced in United Kingdom, United States, Canada

Formic acid is a colorless, corrosive liquid with a pungent odor. It is a simple carboxylic acid with the chemical formula HCOOH. Formic acid is commonly used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in the food industry.

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Lab products found in correlation

Acetonitrile, by BD (5 mentions) Methanol, by BD (4 mentions) Ethanol, by BD (3 mentions) Ethyl acetate, by BD (2 mentions) Et 3 n, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Hplc grade meoh, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Methanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) In line degasser af, by Waters Corporation (1 mentions) 1525 binary hplc pump, by Waters Corporation (1 mentions) Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Theobromine, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Theophylline, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Hplc grade acetonitrile, by BD (1 mentions) Theophylline, by Cytiva (1 mentions) Caffeine, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Ammonium hydroxide, by BD (1 mentions) Ammonium carbonate, by BD (1 mentions) Codeine, by Lipomed (1 mentions) Morphine d3, by Lipomed (1 mentions) 6 mam, by Lipomed (1 mentions)

16 protocols using formic acid

HPLC Separation of Theobromine and Metabolites

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Chromatographic separation was done at 27 °C on an Atlantis dC18 5 µm column (part no. 186001344) fitted to a Waters HPLC unit consisting of a Waters In-Line degasser AF, Waters 1525 binary HPLC pump and Waters 2487 dual wavelength absorbance detector set to monitor at 270 nm. Gradient elution at 1.5 ml/min was by a solvent system of acetonitrile (Sigma-Aldrich; St. Louis, MO) and 0.1% formic acid (BDH, England). The formic acid solution was adjusted to pH 3.75 with ammonia (BDH; Poole, England). Mobile phases were pumped according to the gradient profile in Table 1. Solutions of theobromine, as well as theophylline and caffeine (Sigma-Aldrich; St. Louis, MO) were prepared and used as standards.Table 1

Gradient elution profile for separation of theobromine and its metabolites

Time (min)	Eluent mix (%)		Flow rate (ml/min)
Time (min)	0.1% ammonium formate	acetonitrile	Flow rate (ml/min)
0	98	2	1.5
6	95	5	1.5
9	98	2	1.5
10	98	2	1.5
11	92	8	1.5
14	88	12	1.5
17	89	11	1.5
18	98	2	1.5

Oduro-Mensah D., Ocloo A., Lowor S.T., Mingle C., Okine L.K, & Adamafio N.A. (2018). Bio-detheobromination of cocoa pod husks: reduction of ochratoxin A content without change in nutrient profile. Microbial Cell Factories, 17, 79.

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Quantification of Methylxanthines in Tea

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Caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). A total of 30 tea samples of different brands (provided in Table 1) were purchased from local supermarkets (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) as powder and stored in vacuum packages at a temperature below 0°C. HPLC grade acetonitrile and formic acid were purchased from BDH (Lutterworth, UK). Water used as the mobile phase solvent was prepared using a Millipore system (Milli-Q Advantage Elix, Millipore S.A.S. 67120 Molsheim, France), and then filtered on 0.2 μm nylon membrane filter from Whatman (Maidstone, UK).
Stock solutions of Caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline were 100 μg/mL, and they were prepared by dissolving the standard of each compound with an appropriate amount of water and subsequently stored at 4°C. The working standards were prepared by diluting the concentrated stock standard solutions in water before experiment. A calibration curve was constructed each day before analysis of the samples. HPLC grade water was injected as the blank.

Aqel A., Almulla A., Al-Rifai A., Wabaidur S.M., ALOthman Z.A, & Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed A.Y. (2019). Rapid and Sensitive Determination of Methylxanthines in Commercial Brands of Tea Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2019, 2926580.

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Quantification of Opioid Compounds

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Morphine, Morphine-d3, 6-MAM, 6-monoacetylMorphine-d3 (6-MAM-d3), codeine, codeine-d3, and 6-AC were purchased from Lipomed (Arlesheim, Switzerland). Methanol (HPLC grade), acetonitrile (HPLC grade), ammonium carbonate, formic acid, and ammonium hydroxide were obtained from BDH (Poole, UK). Ammonium formate was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Clean Screen^® solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges (CSDAU203) were obtained from United Chemical Technologies (Bristol, PA, USA).

Al-Asmari A.I., Alharbi H., Al-Zahrani A.E, & Zughaibi T.A. (2023). Heroin-Related Fatalities in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, between 2008 and 2018. Toxics, 11(3), 248.

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Analytical Standards for Pharmaceutical Validation

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Primary analytical reference standards with purity ≥ 99% of ciprofloxacin (CPF), trimethoprim (TMP), sulphamethoxazole (SMZ), metronidazole (MTZ), amoxicillin (AMX), clavulanic acid (CLA), flucloxacillin (FCX), cefuroxime (CFX), arthemether (ART), lumefantrine (LUM), mebendazole (MBZ), albendazole (ALB), ferrous ammonium citrate (FAC), vitamin B1 (VB1), vitamin B3 (VB3), vitamin B6 (VB6), folic acid (FLA), griseofulvin (GFV), paracetamol (PCM), and ibuprofen (IBF) were obtained from the Food and Drugs Authority, Ghana. Analytical grade solvents including sodium hydroxide (BDH, UK), formic acid, m ethanol, chloroform acetic acid, glacial acetic acid (BDH, UK), ethanol, acetonitrile, ammonium hydroxide reagent ACS, sulphuric acid, ethyl acetate, holmium perchlorate, and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (BDH, UK) were used.

Frimpong G., Ofori-Kwakye K., Kuntworbe N., Buabeng K.O., Osei Y.A., Boakye-Gyasi M.E, & Adi-Dako O. (2018). Quality Assessment of Some Essential Children's Medicines Sold in Licensed Outlets in Ashanti Region, Ghana. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2018, 1494957.

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Quantitative Analysis of Drug Transporters

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Dasatinib (DAS), apigenin (APG), and ibrutinib (IBR), were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MI, USA). Acetonitrile, formic acid, methanol, and ammonium acetate were purchased from BDH, Pool (UK) and antibodies anti-P-gp/MDR1/ABCB1, anti-BCRP/ABCG2, Anti-CYP3 A2, and anti-β-actin antibodies were obtained from Santacruz (USA).

Raish M., Ahmad A., Shahid M., Jardan Y.A., Ahad A., Kalam M.A., Ansari M.A., Iqbal M., Ali N., Alkharfy K.M, & Al-Jenoobi F.I. (2023). Effects of Apigenin on Pharmacokinetics of Dasatinib and Probable Interaction Mechanism. Molecules, 28(4), 1602.

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Piperaquine Quantification Protocol

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All reagents and chemicals were of analytical grade except where otherwise stated. Piperaquine was obtained from Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Guangzhou, China). The internal standard (IS) was a stable isotope labeled IS, piperaquine-d6, obtained from Sigma-Tau (Pomezia, Italy). Water, acetonitrile, and methanol were obtained from JT Baker (Phillipsburg, USA). Formic acid (98–100 %), sodium hydroxide (pellets) and triethylamine were obtained from BDH (Poole, UK). Ammonia (25 %), ortho-phosphoric acid (85 %) and perchloric acid (70–72 %) were obtained from Merck (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).

Blessborn D., Kaewkhao N, & Tarning J. (2023). A high-throughput LC-MS/MS assay for piperaquine from dried blood spots: Improving malaria treatment in resource-limited settings. Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Advances in the Clinical Lab, 31, 19-26.

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Quantifying Angiotensin and Aldosterone

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The aldosterone standard was from Toronto Research Chemical Inc. (Toronto, ON, Canada), and the aldosterone_d7 internal stand (IS) was from IsoSciences (Ambler, PA, United States). Angiotensin I (Ang I), Ang I internal standard (Ang I IS) [DR[V¹³C,¹⁵N]YIHPFHL], and Ang I degradation standard (DS) [DR[V¹³C,¹⁵N]Y[I¹³C,¹⁵N]HPFHL] were from Anaspec (Fremont, CA, United States). Aminoethyl benzene sulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF) hydrochloride was from ACROS Organics (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Branchburg, NJ, United States). Ammonium acetate, maleic acid, and tert-butyl methyl ether (MBTE) were from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MI, United States). LCMS grade acetonitrile, methanol, and water were from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Formic acid was from BDH (Radnor, PA, United States). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States).

Zeng W., Chu T.T., Ho C.S., Lo C.W., Chan A.S., Kong A.P., Tomlinson B, & Chan S.W. (2022). Lack of Effects of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Activity and Beta-Adrenoceptor Pathway Polymorphisms on the Response to Bisoprolol in Hypertension. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9, 842875.

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Phenolic Compound Extraction and Analysis

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Solvents used for the extraction and analysis were HPLC grade, namely ethanol, formic acid and acetonitrile, purchased from BDH Prolabo (Lutterworth, UK). Distilled water was of Milli-Q quality (Millipore Corp., Bedford, NY, USA). Anhydrous sodium carbonate (≥99.5%) and sodium phosphate (96%) were obtained from Kemika (Zagreb, Croatia), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), fluorescein sodium salt from Honeywell Riedel-de-Haën (Bucharest, Romania), Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) from Acros Organics (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Geel, Belgium) and 2,2′-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany).
Phenolic compounds of authentic standards of caffeic, gallic, ferulic, chlorogenic and p-coumaric acid, quercetin-3-glucoside, kaempferol-3-rutinoside and myricetin were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany); epi catechin, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, epi catechin gallate, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, apigenin and luteolin from Extrasynthese (Genay, France); and quercetin-3-rutinoside from Acros Organics (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Geel, Belgium).

Elez Garofulić I., Kruk V., Martić A., Martić I., Zorić Z., Pedisić S., Dragović S, & Dragović-Uzelac V. (2020). Evaluation of Polyphenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Pistacia lentiscus L. Leaves and Fruit Extract Obtained by Optimized Microwave-Assisted Extraction. Foods, 9(11), 1556.

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Quantification of Bioactive Compounds

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The biomarkers (rutin, quercetin, naringenin and gallic acid) were procured from Sigma Aldrich (USA). While AR grade chemicals viz., ethanol, acetonitrile, toluene, ethyl acetate and formic acid were procured from BDH (UK), HPLC grade ethanol and methanol were procured form Merk (Germany). For the analysis of samples and standards, glass-backed silica gel 60F₂₅₄ RP-18 plate (for RP-HPTLC) and glass-backed silica gel 60F₂₅₄ plate (for NP-HPTLC) were purchased from Merck (Germany). CAMAG Automatic TLC Sampler-4 (Switzerland) was used to apply the biomarkers and GSEE, band wise to the chromatographic plates and development was accomplished in automatic development chamber (ADC2) (Switzerland). The developed HPTLC Plates were then documented by CAMAG TLC Reprostar 3 and scanned by CAMAG CATS 4 (Switzerland).

Alam P., Parvez M.K., Arbab A.H, & Al-Dosari M.S. (2017). Quantitative analysis of rutin, quercetin, naringenin, and gallic acid by validated RP- and NP-HPTLC methods for quality control of anti-HBV active extract of Guiera senegalensis. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1), 1317-1323.

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Quantitative Proteomics with TMT Labeling

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Iodoacetamide (IAA), tris(2‐carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP), triethylammonium hydrogen carbonate buffer 1 M pH 8.5, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and β‐lactoglobulin (LACB) from bovine milk were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Formic acid (FA, 99%) and CH₃CN were from BDH (VWR International Ltd., Poole, UK). Hydroxylamine solution 50 wt% in H₂O (99.999%) was acquired from Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA). H₂O (18.2 MΩ cm at 25°C) was obtained from a Milli‐Q apparatus (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Trifluoroacetic acid Uvasol was sourced from Merck Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). The 6‐plex isobaric tandem mass tags (TMTs) were purchased from Thermo Scientific (Rockford, IL, USA). Sequencing grade modified Lys‐C/trypsin was procured from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). For immuno‐affinity depletion of 14 abundant human proteins, multiple affinity removal system (MARS) columns, Buffer A, and Buffer B were obtained from Agilent Technologies (Wilmington, DE, USA). Oasis HLB cartridges (1cc, 30 mg) were acquired from Waters (Milford, MA, USA) and Strata‐X 33u Polymeric reversed‐phase (RP) and Strata‐X‐C 33u Polymeric strong cation‐exchange (SCX) solid‐phase extraction (SPE) cartridges (30 mg/1 mL) from Phenomenex (Torrance, CA, USA).

Cominetti O., Núñez Galindo A., Corthésy J., Carayol J., Germain N., Galusca B., Estour B., Hager J., Gheldof N, & Dayon L. (2022). Proteomics reveals unique plasma signatures in constitutional thinness. Proteomics. Clinical Applications, 16(5), 2100114.

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