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36 protocols using ab150157

1

Hippocampal NR2B Subunit Localization

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Brain tissues were cut into 35 µm thick slices until the entire structure of the hippocampus was detected. The slices were washed three times with 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes in 5% bovine serum albumin. Primary (overnight, 4°C) and secondary antibody incubations (one hour, room temperature) were carried out. The slices were washed three times with PBS after each incubation. Primary antibody was mouse anti-NR2B 1 : 200 (ab93610, Abcam). Secondary antibody was goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (Alexa Fluor 488) 1 : 2000 (ab150157, Abcam). Slices were coverslipped with a water-based mounting medium containing 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (KeyGEN BioTECH, Jiangsu, China). Stained sections were then observed by fluorescence microscopy (Olympus) and processed with ImageJ Software.
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2

Quantifying Cell Proliferation using BrdU Labeling

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For BrdU (5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine) labelling, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 10 μl per gram body weight of BrdU labeling reagent (#000103, Invitrogen) 6 h before being sacrificed. The hindlimbs were then harvested and processed for paraffin sections. To detect BrdU-labeled proliferating cells, tibial sections were dewaxed, rehydrated, and then denatured with 2 N HCl, prior to antigen retrieval with 0.125% trypsin in PBS at 37°C for 10 min. After blocking with 10% goat serum for 1 h, sections were incubated with rat anti-BrdU antibody (ab6326, Abcam, 1:100) at 4°C overnight, followed by incubation with Alexa Fluor 647-conjugated donkey anti-rat (ab150155, Abcam,1:200) or Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rat secondary antibody (ab150157, Abcam, 1:200). Finally, nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (C1005, Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) to stain the cell nuclei, and subsequently mounted with anti-fade mounting medium.
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3

DNA Replication Dynamics Analysis

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Exponentially growing HCT116 cells were labeled with the medium containing 25 μM thymidine analog iododeoxyuridine (IdU; CSN12762, CSNpharm) for 30 min. Cells were then washed with PBS before the addition of warm media containing 250 μM chlorodeoxyuridine (CldU; C6891, Sigma) for another 30 min. Labeled cells were washed with PBS twice, harvested, and lysed on slides, and DNA was stretched by tilting the slides. The DNA was fixed in the 3:1 methanol/acetic acid solution and then airdried completely. Next, fibers were denatured using 2.5 M HCl for 80 min and blocked with 5% BSA. To detect the incorporation of CldU and IdU in DNA fibers, coverslips were incubated with rat anti-BrdU (ab6326, Abcam) and mouse anti-BrdU (B2531, Sigma) primary antibodies for 2 h. The slides were stained with goat anti-rat Alexa Fluor 488 (ab150157, Abcam) and goat anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 594 (ab150116, Abcam) secondary antibodies for 1 h. Slides were mounted with an anti-fade solution and images were acquired using a confocal microscope. Fiber lengths were analyzed using ImageJ.
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4

Multimodal Characterization of Vascular Development

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Section and whole-mount RNA in situ hybridization and whole-mount X-gal or Salmon-gal staining to detect ß-galactosidase activity was performed as previously described (Anderson et al., 2004 (link); Kishigami et al., 2006 (link); Rojas et al., 2005 (link)). For Mef2c in situ hybridization, we used a 208-bp probe that corresponds to coding exon 2 as described elsewhere (Anderson et al., 2015 (link)). Lineage analysis using Etv2::Cre and Rosa26LacZ/LacZ mice was performed as described previously (Verzi et al., 2005 (link)). For whole mount immunohistochemistry, rat anti- mouse CD31 (1:250, BD Biosciences, #553370) and horse radish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rat secondary antibody (1:250, Abcam, ab7097) were used and detected with the DAB substrate kit (Vector, SK-4100), as described previously (Barnes et al., 2010 (link)). Immunofluorescence detection of ß-galactosidase, CD31, and myosin heavy chain (MF20) was performed as described previously (Schachterle et al., 2012 (link)). The following primary antibodies were used at a 1:100 dilution: rat anti- mouse CD31 (BD Biosciences, #553370), mouse anti-chicken MYH1E (DSHB, MF20), and chicken anti-ß-galactosidase (Abcam, ab9361). The following secondary antibodies were used at a 1:300 dilution: goat anti-rat AF488 (Abcam, ab150157), goat anti-mouse AF488 (Abcam, ab150113), and goat anti-chicken AF594 (Abcam, ab150172).
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5

Immunofluorescent Analysis of Macrophage Response in Experimental Periodontitis

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The maxillae were dissected at 0, 3, 6, and 10 days after experimental periodontitis treatment and were subsequently fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. For tissue immunofluorescent staining, the maxillae were then decalcified with 0.5 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 48 h and embedded at −80°C with compound (OCT, Sakura Finetek, Torrance, CA, USA). Frozen sections were sliced at −25°C and stored at −20°C. After antigen repairing and blocking for 1 h at room temperature in 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA), the slices were incubated overnight using the primary antibody of rat-anti-mouse anti-F4/80 (Abcam Cat# ab16911, RRID:AB_443548). Then, goat-anti-rat Alexa Fluor® 488 secondary antibodies (Abcam Cat#ab150157, RRID:AB_2722511) were used at 1/200 dilution to further stain the slices on the following day. The slices were counterstained with Hoechst 33342 Staining Dye Solution (ab228551) for 10 min at 25°C. Laser-scanning confocal microscopy was employed to detect the fluorescent distribution.
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6

Klotho and CCL5 Expression Analysis

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Dewaxed kidney tissue sections were rehydrated, heated for 20 min in a microwave for antigen retrieval, and then incubated with immunohistochemical serum blocking agent (GEPbio, 317615) for 30 min at 37°C to block non-specific staining. Subsequently, the sections were incubated with a rabbit anti-Klotho antibody (ab181373, Abcam) and rat anti-CCL5 antibody (NB120-10394, NOVUS) overnight at 4°C. The next day, the sections were washed with PBS for three times and then incubated with an Alexa Fluor 555-labeled anti-rabbit second antibody (ab150078, Abcam) and Alexa Fluor 488-labeled anti-rat second antibody (ab150157, Abcam) at 37°C for 30 min. Then, cell nuclei were counterstained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, GEPbio, 721621) for 3 min. Finally, the sections were washed with PBS again and mounted with anti-fade medium (GEPbio, 717615). Stained sections were examined and imaged under a fluorescence microscope. Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of each section was analyzed by Image J software.
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7

Histological Analysis of Skeletal Muscle

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TA muscle samples collected at indicated time points were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA), immersed into 30% sucrose at 4°C overnight, and embedded with optimal cutting temperature compound (OCT compound). Tissue was sliced to generate 10-μm-thick cryosections for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining or immunofluorescence staining. For immunofluorescence staining, sections were blocked by 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 30 min and incubated with rat anti-Sca1 (BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA; #122501), mouse anti-PDGFRα (Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA; #SC-398206), or rabbit anti-Perilipin (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA; #9349) antibodies at 4°C overnight.
Secondary antibodies, such as Alexa Fluor 488 anti-rat (Abcam, Cambridge, UK; #ab150157), and Alexa Fluor 647 anti-mouse (Abcam; #ab150115), or anti-rabbit (Abcam; #ab150079) were then added to sections for 1 h. To label the extracellular matrix, sections were stained with CF488 Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA; Biotium, Inc. Hayward, CA, USA; #29022) for 1 h.
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8

Immunohistochemical Analysis of ETV6 and F4/80 in Aorta

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Aortas were fixed in 4% formaldehyde for 24 h, dehydrated overnight, and embedded in paraffin. Paraffin cross-sections (4-μm thick) were prepared. After incubation with 5% normal goat serum for 1 h at room temperature, the sections were incubated with rabbit anti-ETV6 antibody (1:200, PA5-109,697, Thermo Fisher Scientific) and rat anti-F4/80 (10 μg/ml, ab6640, Abcam) overnight at 4oC. After three washes with PBS, the samples were incubated with 5 μg/ml Alexa Fluor® 488-conjugated goat anti-rat IgG H&L and Alexa Fluor® 594-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG H&L (1:1000, ab150157, ab150080, Abcam) for an hour at room temperature. For Immunofluorescence cytochemistry, macrophages were fixed in acetone for 10 min and incubation with 5% normal goat serum for 1 h at room temperature. Macrophages were then incubated with NF-κB p65 antibody (1:500, #8242, Cell Signaling Technology) overnight at 4oC. After three washes with PBS, cells were incubated with Alexa Fluor® 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG H&L (1:1000, ab150077, Abcam) for an hour at room temperature. Cells were washed and incubated in the mounting medium with DAPI (ab104139, Abcam). The samples were observed and photographed on a Leica DM500 fluorescence microscope (Leica).
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9

Cathepsin B Regulates Adipogenesis

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3T3L1/Mock, 3T3L1/CTSB-overexpressing (OE), and 3T3L1/CTSB-mCherry-OE pre-adipocytes grown on cover slips were differentiated into adipocytes and treated with or without 10 μM of the cathepsin B inhibitor CA074ME (4323-v, Peptide Institute) for 24 h. After fixing with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min, cells were permeabilized and incubated with primary antibodies against PLIN1 (ab61682, 1:400, Abcam) or LAMP2 (ab13524, 1:1000, Abcam) at 4 °C overnight, and then with Alexa Fluor-conjugated secondary antibodies (Alexa Fluor-488 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H + L), A11070, 1:1000, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA; Alexa Fluor-594 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H + L), A110121, Invitrogen; Alexa Fluor-488 goat anti-rat IgG (H + L), ab150157, Abcam) for 1 h at room temperature. Hoechst 33342 (H3570, 1:10000, Invitrogen) and Nile red were used to stain nuclei and LDs, respectively. Images were acquired on an SP8 confocal microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) at 63 × magnification.
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10

Immunofluorescence Staining of α-SMA and Desmin

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Immunofluorescence staining assays were performed as we described previously [15 (link)]. Cells were incubated overnight with the primary antibody against α-SMA (ab5694) and desmin (ab15200) (1 : 50 dilution; Abcam, USA) at 4°C. The cells were washed three times with PBS (5 min each) and then incubated in the dark for 1 h at room temperature with Alexa Fluor 488 and 550 conjugated goat anti-rat secondary antibody (1 : 200 dilution; ab150157 and ab150083, Abcam, USA). Nuclei of cells were stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Images were obtained using a Zeiss LSM 510 META Confocal microscope using 20x/0.5 w and 40x/1.2 w objectives.
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