Wild-type Ub and its lysine to arginine mutants (K29R, K48R, and K63R) were all constructed with pCI-neo vector via EcoRI and XbaI sites harboring Myc tag or HA tag.
GST-fusion RNF183 and its mutant were constructed by inserting a Myc tag at the N terminus of RNF183 into pGEX-6P-1. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were also constructed into pGEX-6P-1, but with an HA tag at the N terminus. Ub, UBA1, and UBCU5C expression plasmids were a kind gift from Ronggui Hu, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China. Proteins were purified under native conditions using glutathione-Sepharose 4B (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) or Ni-NTA agarose (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All constructs were verified by sequencing.